The legal possibilities of Antwerp widows in the late sixteenth century

This article assesses the ability of widows and other women in Antwerp to act independently of men to defend their economic interests and those of their children. Consideration is given to both legal norms and actual practice in a number of different areas including writing wills, making marriage contracts, managing financial assets and pursuing claims and defending themselves in the civil courts. Analyses of these issues indicate that widows in Antwerp enjoyed in practice a greater degree of independence than was available to widows in many other parts of Europe, despite their weaker position in law.Particular attention is given to the role in Antwerp of women merchants whose position freed them from male control and supervision. It is argued that their favored status did not derive from the desire of the authorities to protect the interests of their male relatives or to advance the economic interests of these women. Rather their legal freedom is seen as reflecting acknowledgement of the importance of their business activities and the wish to safeguard the interests of their customers who could pursue claims against the woman merchant in the event of a dispute.     

格式条款标准化的垄断协议认定

传统的逆向选择模型将低质量格式条款的生成归因于需求端的认知缺陷;共谋模型将低质量维持原因解释为供给端的共谋,为反垄断法介入提供依据。格式条款标准化的横向垄断协议认定应满足《反垄断法》第13条规定的形式要件与效果要件,采用一般举证规则作为分析模式,由原告证明其协议、决定或协同行为形式及反竞争效果。形式要件以形式与反竞争效果的尽可能耦合为逻辑起点,应基于市场力的持久性与显著性标准加以重构。反竞争效果要件以对竞争的实质限制为标准,参照美国法实践,可通过质量或交易自由限制路径证成。     

中国"反贫困"社会救助法律制度——农村最低生活保障制度实施的制度障碍分析

中国农村最低生活保障制度的建立是"反贫困"进程推进的必然结果,也是促进社会公平,构建和谐社会的必然要求.虽然我国早在20世纪90年代初期就开始了农村低保的试点工作,但各地农村低保制度在实施过程巾遇到了诸多障碍,很多地区的农村低保工作都处于基本停滞状态.我国各地地方政府应拓宽农村最低生活保障资金来源渠道,科学划定农村最低生活保障线,合理选择农村最低生活保障救助对象,不断完善本地区的相关制度,推进农村低保工作的顺利进行.     

制约与解释--生活场景对法律生命的考量

人与社会存在的固有事实与本来逻辑显示,内含秩序与正义两大终极价值的法律与人的生活场景紧密结合在一起.法律的存在也是一个过程,具有断裂的可能性.人的生活场景是由自然性的物质世界、社会性的物质世界、文化世界、关系世界构成的统一体,决定着法律的生成、运作与进化;法律也不断地解释着人的生活场景,法律的生命在解释的过程中体现出来.在此过程中,法律必须具有深厚的亲和力.     

Study of an economic issue as a possible indicator of suicide risk: a discussion of stock prices and suicide

There were more than 30,000 suicides in 1998 in Japan, and since then, the numbers have remained high. In 2009, the number of suicides per a day was c. 90. This phenomenon constitutes a major social problem. One of the major reasons for the rapid increase in the number of suicides appears to be the worsening economic problems. It is therefore necessary to research the relationship between economic issues and suicide. In this study, we examined the relationship between the value of the Nikkei Stock Average and suicide rates in Japan. The value of the Nikkei Stock Average may be related to suicide among men. On the basis of the results, relevant researchers and organizations should understand the factors that relate to suicide to better carry out specific suicide prevention measures.     

自愿适用脑死亡标准的法律设计

自愿适用脑死亡标准是指根据完全民事行为能力人的真实意思表示,尊重其意愿,对其适用脑死亡标准作为死亡判断标准。自愿适用脑死亡标准具有自愿性、科学性和复杂性。预立自愿适用脑死亡标准意思表示制度对自愿适用脑死亡标准有一定的制度意义。     

Standard Form Contracts as Transnational Law: Evidence from the Derivatives Markets

This paper uses new research into the derivatives markets to develop our understanding of standard form contracts as transnational law and to show how transnational law theory may be usefully informed by empirical work. Traditionally, it has been assumed that international business communities seek to avoid the courts. However, the paper shows that the national courts play a prominent role in adjudicating disputes involving derivatives. Basing the discussion on the detail of these decisions by the English courts, the paper demonstrates that adjudication does not necessarily undermine widely used standard form contracts, and that it may even reinforce practices that underpin them. This is particularly the case where there is imperfect co‐incidence between a trade association's members and a standard form contract's users. Having explored recent cases, the paper reconciles its findings with a more open and imaginative account of the role of national courts within transnational law theory.     

行政私法理论在合同制度中的展开——论行政私法合同的内涵、性质与界分

面对行政实践中行政机关和法律、法规授权的组织广泛采用新型合同的情况,原有的行政合同和民事合同理论出现了解释上的困境,有必要借鉴行政私法(行为)的理论创造行政私法合同这一概念。这类合同有其独特的内涵和法律特征。行政私法合同综合了公法与私法的双重因素,是具有行政法、私法双重性质的合同。行政私法合同与行政合同、私法合同之间均存在着界限,亟需探讨此类合同的特殊法律问题。     

Mandibular morphology as an indicator of human subadult age: interlandmark approaches

The dentition is widely recognized as the set of developmental markers that appear to show the least variability against chronological age; these markers are thus widely used in forensic anthropological investigations. As a possible alternative, we investigate here the potential of mandibular morphology as a developmental marker for estimating age at death in subadults. The sample analyzed comprises 79 known age and sex subadult individuals of South African Bantu and African American origin. Linear measurements of ramus height were obtained from the mathematical conversion of three-dimensional landmark data. A series of regression analyses were then performed to predict age by using the measurement of ramus height; results were cross-validated using a jackknife procedure. Our results show that ramus height can be used to predict age in the subadult skeleton with accuracy, closely approaching that of standards based on the dentition (standard error rates are between +/-1.1 years and +/-2.4 years).     

Juror adjustments to the reasonable doubt standard of proof

The standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt is based on the law's primary motivation to avoid false conviction even at the expense of increasing the probability of false acquittal. Individual jurors, however, have common sense motivations to make factually correct decisions by avoiding both types of error. As a result jurors may interpret the standard of reasonable doubt correctly but deviate from that interpretation in predictable ways when they apply the standard in court. This study makes three hypotheses: (1) jurors are less confident when deciding on acquittal than when deciding upon conviction, (2) conviction is associated with a downward adjustment of the interpreted stringency of the standard at the time of application, and (3) a highly stringent interpretation of the standard is associated with a severe downward adjustment of that stringency at the time of application. The study asked 260 juror-eligible participants to examine a trial scenario. The participants first interpreted the stringency of the legal standard on a probability scale. They then judged the probability of the defendant's guilt, decided on a verdict, and rated their confidence in that verdict. The findings strongly supported all three hypotheses. Application and implication of the study were discussed.     

重构婚姻判断标准的理论价值和实践意义

中国尚未建立科学的婚姻判断标准体系，判断婚姻的主要标准，就是单一的婚姻效力判断标准。不论是什麽形态的婚姻，都用婚姻有效无效标准判断。这种婚姻判断标准，不能满足理论与实践的需要，容易造成对不同婚姻形态的误判。因此，应当建立以婚姻的属性要件、形成要件和效力要件为评判标准的科学评判体系。     

国际海底区域生物资源法律属性探析

国际海底区域生物资源具有极高的科研价值和商业价值,但作为晚近发现的资源,现有的国际法尚未对其法律属性做出明确规定。国际社会基于各自利益考量,形成了两种截然不同的主张。从各国的争议出发,分析公海自由原则和人类共同继承财产原则的历史发展和内容,并结合国际海底区域生物资源本身的特征,对该资源的法律属性进行论证,同时为中国如何应对该资源的开发提出建议,以期在该资源开发利用争夺战中,取得与中国地位相符的一席之地。     

论惩罚性赔偿的证明标准

不遵守填平原则的惩罚性赔偿与民事程序存在着一定的冲突。从最佳威慑与彻底威慑的角度看,惩罚性赔偿实质上处于民事责任与刑罚之间,甚至有时与罚金刑无异,故需要提高对被告人的程序保护,其证明标准应当具有中间性,适用明确而令人信服的证明标准。从诉求正确的可能性、举证成本、风险收益的角度看,反映行为人主观过错程度的侵权行为的异常性的证明负担应当分配给原告。     

契约文书之于古人生活的意义

古代中国社会存在着稳定的契约秩序,契约文书之于古人的个人生活有着重要的意义。契约本身是中国人的一种生活方式,古人的经济关系乃至人身关系在一定程度上都是靠契约文书来维系的。契约文书是古人生活中须臾不可离开的东西,为中国人追求自己的理想生活(二十亩地、一头牛,老婆孩子热炕头)提供了约束和保障机制及互相之间的行为规范,使每个人在追求各自理想生活的时候,有规则可循,从而形成稳定的社会秩序。     

河北省农村最低生活保障制度现状分析

我国各省、市、自治区于2007年普遍建立农村最低生活保障制度,对部分农村贫困人口施以救助,河北省于2005年已全面建立并实施了这一制度.分析我国农村低保制度及河北省的农村低保制度的建立、内容、实施及现状,以期对完善河北省农村低保制度能有促进作用.     

基于事件相关电位的测谎技术研究进展

事件相关电位测谎技术通过比较靶与非靶刺激引出的P300差异,来推测被试者对靶刺激内容是否知情,众多的国内外实验研究已证明了此种测试方式的可行性,但却在研究中存在诸多问题,因此文章针对已有研究中存在的问题提出应该以真实的案件情境为测试背景,选择被试者经历过的环境或用过物品为靶刺激,同时通过测前谈话等方式来消除非认知因素的影响。     

What judges maximize:toward an economic psychology of the judicial utility function

Posner proposes that federal appellate judges' income from judicial work and moonlighting is maximized within the constraint of time spent on leisure: he argues that judges' voting behavior be conceptualized as consumption, and that judges avoid the hard work and hassle involved in writing opinions. I propose that the terms entering the judicial utility function be simplified to judicial and non-judicial income, and consumption, some of which is enjoyed during leisure time but a proportion of which is enjoyed in working time (voting, reputation, avoidance of criticism, etc.) Moreover, the extent to which a judge experiences judicial work as laborious and hassling depends upon his cognitive style: adaptors and innovators are expected to conceptualize and experience the detailed work of opinion writing in different ways and thus to have distinct preferences for competing sources of utility. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

房贷险存废论

住房金融巨大风险对强化房贷保险作用的现实需要,与旷日已久的所谓"强制保险"的法律困惑,形成了房贷险存与废的博弈。保险金物上代位机制使抵押物保险具有了双重保障机理,决定了抵押权人干预抵押物保险合同的法理依据及其权利界限,银行放弃房贷险只是一种弃权行为;房贷履约保证保险本质上具有人身保险属性,其设定的目的是取代住房抵押担保,应与住房财产险分离而免于银行的强制;房贷险本身的设计缺陷和业务不规范行为必须全面矫正;须尽快加强我国的消费信贷立法。     

Franz Böhm as a pioneering champion of an economic theory of legislative science

The transaction costs concept is operationalized and expanded in order to demonstrate that Franz Böhm can be considered a forerunner of the economic analysis of law. Within economic systems transaction costs are more than mere friction. They are social catalysts inasmuch as low transaction costs foster desirable processes and high ones inhibit undesirable processes. According to Böhm, economically relevant institutions must be organized in such a way as to ensure that the transaction-cost structure is compatible with the economic functions of social processes. This should be done by cooperation between lawyers and political economists.