刑法中“其他”及“等”略考

刑法条文是以语言为载体来表达一定立法意图的.因而,刑法用语对于理解刑法条文之规定具有重要意义.但是,刑法中大量的"其他"与"等"这些不确定内容词语的使用造成了刑法的确定性下降,对罪刑法定原则构成了威胁.本文以详细的统计数字为基础,考察了刑法中"其他"与"等"的使用情况、存在的问题;并对减少"其他"与"等"的使用、"其他"与"等"的解释权作了探讨.     

U.S. Industries v. Director: "claim" versus "condition" in the analysis of workers' compensation cases

Under most workers' compensation statutes, an injury must "arise out of " and "in the course of" employment in order to qualify as a compensable disability. In U.S. Industries v. Director, the Supreme Court held that the Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act must be strictly construed to avoid transforming the compensation system into a form of social insurance. In U.S. Industries, the Court denied a disability claim based on an arthritic condition which was manifested while the worker was at home in bed. This Note contends that the Supreme Court neglected to consider pertinent medical realities when analyzing the causation question. Thus, the decision undermines the overall rationale behind workers' compensation legislation. Nonetheless, the Note argues that the case does not relax the requirement of adequately scrutinizing the causative elements underlying any reasonable claim for disability benefits. An analysis adequately accommodating both medical and legal facts, instead of relying upon the vagaries of statutory interpretation, is necessary to improve the efficiency and fairness of workers' compensation disability determinations.     

简述美国宪法“公共使用”条款

通览美国的51部宪法（其中联邦宪法1部，各州宪法50部）中关于征收条款（Takings），其主要的限制条款包括：一是公共使用条款（public use）的要求；二是公正补偿条款（just compensation）的要求。本文仅对美国公共使用条款的内涵及其演变作一些简要的梳理。     

"工作过程"与美国工伤认定——兼评我国工伤认定的不足与完善

在美国,通常只有发生于"工作过程"的伤害才可以受到工伤赔偿的保护.我国<工伤保险条例>在工伤认定的规定上存在缺陷,可借鉴美国的理念和判例做相应的修改.实践中,我国也应借鉴美国的理论和判例,对与工作存在模糊关系的伤害是否属于工伤做出准确的裁判.     

美国"反网域霸占法"确立的域名争议规则

近两年来 ,域名争议及其解决逐渐成为包括中国在内的国际社会的媒体大加炒作的话题。 1 999年1 0月 2 4日 ,国际互联网域名系统最高管理机构ＩＣＡＮＮ公布了《统一域名争议解决政策 (ＵｎｉｆｏｒｍＤｏ ｍａｉｎＮａｍｅＤｉｓｐｕｔｅＲｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎＰｏｌｉｃｙ ,简称ＵＤＲＰ)》及《统一域名争议解决政策实施规则 (ＲｕｌｅｓｆｏｒＵｎｉ ｆｏｒｍＤｏｍａｉｎＮａｍｅＤｉｓｐｕｔｅＲｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎＰｏｌｉｃｙ)》 ,由此拉开了以明确的“规范”及建立在规范基础上的“制度”解决互联网域名争议的序幕。美国国会则于 1 99…     

Simplified estimation of Widmark "r" values by the method of Forrest.

To simplify blood alcohol calculations, tables are presented giving Widmark 'r' values estimated by the method of ARW Forrest (Journal of the Forensic Science Society 1986; 27: 249-252).     

Death in the desert. The sabotage-derailment of "The City of San Francisco"

The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 was a milestone in American history. Seventy years later in August 1939, the westbound, new Southern Pacific Railroad streamlined passenger train "City of San Francisco," was intentionally derailed at high speed in northern Nevada by saboteurs who had moved a rail out of alignment. This resulted in a spectacular wreck, claiming the lives of 24 passengers and crew. Despite the finding of physical and trace evidence; and lengthy, exhaustive investigations by railroad police, the FBI, and forensic scientists, the perpetrators were never brought to justice. Deaths resulting from vandalism and sabotage are among the least common of railroad-related deaths; however, acts of vandalism and violence including train derailment are increasingly frequent in this country. Law enforcement officers and forensic scientists must be able to place these incidents in their proper perspective and to successfully investigate and solve them by employing all means at their disposal.     

美国专利政策新动向——美国联邦贸易委员会“促进创新”报告介评

随着知识经济的深入发展,技术创新在经济发展中的作用日益凸现.而政府促进创新的主要途径是建立一种合理有效的政策环境.美国联邦政府制定了一系列的促进创新政策,竞争机制和专利保护在其中占据着重要的地位.这两种政策紧密联系、相互影响,共同支持和鼓励知识经济中的技术创新.过去大多数美国人都以美国的专利制度为骄傲,认为其能有效促进创新,从而整体上倾向于专利权的扩张和强保护.然而随着经济和技术的发展,人们发现在美国现行的专利体制下出现了专利权过多过滥的现象,这不仅不能促进创新,反而不利于技术开发和推广,甚至引起了对自由竞争的阻碍.因此人们开始重新审视美国现行的专利制度.美国联邦贸易委员会(以下简称FTC)和美国司法部(以下简称DOJ)在这样背景下就专利与竞争的协调以及现行专利制度中存在的问题召开了听证会,并做出了名为<促进创新-竞争与专利法律政策的适当平衡>的报告(以下简称促进创新报告).在此,笔者将简要介绍该报告的主要内容,并对其作出简单的评价.     

我国国际私法关于“公共秩序”立法的审视

"公共秩序"是国际私法上一项必不可少的制度,但它的内涵和外延却具有相当大的弹性和模糊性,这一特性既可以说是它天生的缺陷,更可以说是它的生命力之所在.就当前采用这一制度的各国立法司法实践与国际立法的重要走势及对这种走势的科学分析来看,中国目前的立法将"公共秩序"表述为"社会公共利益"是不准确的,有关立法与司法实践中存在种种不当,须加以改进.