公共服务均等化领域防止利益冲突问题研究

利益冲突是造成腐败的重要根源,是影响公共服务质量的消极因素。公共服务均等化领域可能发生的利益冲突问题包括预算最大化倾向、利益部门化、消极决策倾向、执行偏私性、监管谋私性、信息反馈的延迟性等。公共服务均等化领域之所以会发生这样或那样的利益冲突问题,与政府内部的行政机制和政府工作人员的伦理素质以及公共服务供给机制等有关。结合回应性和有效性两个评价维度,当前我国公共服务领域防止利益冲突应建立健全参与机制、预算民主机制、责任机制、绩效管理机制、合作机制、监管治理机制、评价机制、行政沟通机制等。     

复杂性科学视阈下的学生观

复杂性科学促进了教育思维方式向系统、关系、生成和非线性等复杂性思维方式转换,确立复杂性科学视域下的学生观是新型教育学思想体系建立的基础。复杂性科学至少包括了自组织原理、协同原理和适应性原理等基本原理。基于复杂性科学的基本原理,可知学生是教学系统中以发展自身为目的的适应性主体,主体性是学生的最重要性质,主要表现在自主性、建构性、能动性和交往性等方面。因此,在教学中要尊重学生的经验、建构过程,尊重并促进学生的教学交往。     

区域合作中地方利益冲突的治理模式:比较与启示

利益冲突与协调,始终是区域合作与区域一体化的主题。地方利益冲突的治理模式,涵盖治理主体、治理客体与治理机制等内容。根据国内外区域治理的理论与实践,地方利益冲突的协调模式归纳为科层制、市场机制、社群治理以及网络治理等四种类型。每种模式均有其优缺点,都有独特的生长环境与制度空间,不同治理模式下的治理绩效各异。中国区域合作中的利益协调,属于以政府为主导的、市场与社会共同参与的科层制模式。针对当前区域利益治理模式的存在问题,需要在区域治理方面进行制度创新。     

理解治理多样性：一种国家治理的新科学

现代社会及其公共事务的复杂性对治理构成了严峻的挑战。为了应对公共事务的复杂性、多规模性、嵌套性和动态性,很多研究者提出了不同的治理理论,并且都试图寻找“治理万能药”,以一种治理方式适用所有情景。然而人类要真正解决所面临的公共事务治理难题,就需要实现“认识论哲学”的转型,以“多样性”的思维范式取代“单一性”思维范式,按照“治理多样性”的新范式来重构治理体制“。治理多样性”分析范式是一种治理的新科学,其分析框架主要包括“行动者、机制、物品属性、结构和绩效”等要素,核心是公共事务与治理系统的有效匹配,实现基于“多行动者——多机制——多属性——多结构——多目标”的治理,多样性是其内在逻辑。治理本身是一个复杂演进和相互调适的过程“。治理多样性”要应用于治理实践,就需要发展出“诊断、设计和学习模型”。     

全球复杂性风险治理:中国参与及共享价值

当前"黑天鹅"事件频频振翅,使得全球进入复杂性风险时代。而治理的难点在于风险生成并无准确解释框架,在时空域下呈地理涌现性,并不断演化出多样性。面对全球公共风险事件,离不开多国携手合作。中国作为一分子,作为负责任大国,亦积极参与治理,这恰恰体现了全球人类命运共同体的深刻内涵。然而,现有的国际治理方式未能在机理上进行有效应对,导致全球复杂性风险治理呈现碎片化、低效率样态。基于此,针对风险治理复杂性我们应进行范式转换形成共享价值——即构建具有国际性和政治担当的可达成的共识、构建集体行动与险益权衡的可接受的理念、构建科学预警和应急决策的多变协同治理机制以应对复杂性风险并形成一定的抗风险韧性。     

我国国家治理体系结构复杂性分析

进入21世纪,人类社会的复杂性特征日益显著,传统的治理结构以控制、减少复杂性为导向的简单思维模式,难以应对复杂性日益凸显的社会环境的变化.复杂系统理论表明,只有以复杂性的思维,建立起能有效应对环境变化的组织结构和机制,组织才能更好地生存和发展.我国的国家治理体系结构是一个复杂系统,既具有复杂系统的一般特性又具有复杂适应系统的特殊性,为应对未来复杂社会的治理诉求,我们必须优化政府组织机构,构建纵横交错的网络治理结构;设计组织权力分配,简政放权,构建扁平化分权治理结构;建立政府治理的协同合作治理结构,实现政府治理自组织秩序.     

预防和处置群体性事件的利益协调机制探究

当今中国主要的社会冲突是利益冲突,利益冲突是引发绝大多数群体性事件的根本原因。为此,预防和处置群体性事件的治本之策就是建立健全科学完善的利益协调机制。即建立健全利益表达机制、利益补偿机制、利益分配机制、利益统筹机制和弱势群体保障机制。     

网络群体性事件的协商治理探讨

网络群体性事件协商治理是通过对话和协商,调适网络群体性事件相关主体之间利益冲突的一种治理形式,它有助于预防事件的发生、遏制事件的升级甚至是消解事件的负面影响。它奉行民主治理的理念,以公共理性为价值取向,以公共协商为主要途径。网络群体性事件协商治理的运作逻辑应遵循网络群体性事件的生成机理与演进规律,具体包括风险消减中的利益表达与协商式吸纳、舆情监测中的网络回应与协商式疏导、危机处置中的应急决策与协商式联动。当前,可通过建立多元化资源分配机制和增强弱势群体的资源利用能力等方式,矫正协商主体的不平等,为网络群体性事件协商治理创造条件。     

基于利益相关者理论的公共资源交易领域利益冲突治理路径分析

市场经济快速发展在带来公共资源交易领域项目的不断增加的同时,也呈现出多元主体间的利益诉求日益分化和复杂化,引发公共资源交易领域内关键个人、群体或组织基于各自不同利益偏好的利益矛盾和争夺,公共资源交易市场成为私人利益与公共利益冲突的重点场域。基于利益相关者理论,将研究重点从政府这一单一主体扩展到公共资源交易领域中地方政府、企业和专家学者等多元利益相关者,通过分析它们相互间竞争与合作的博弈关系,探析公共资源交易领域利益冲突的表现形式。针对公共资源交易领域利益相关者的利益博弈和冲突表现,需要从厘清利益相关者在公共资源交易领域利益冲突中的角色定位、加强公共资源交易领域利益冲突防范的制度约束、整合公共资源交易领域利益相关者冲突发生的内外监管机制和搭建公共资源交易领域利益合作的"互联网+"信息共享平台等四个方面推进满足各利益相关者利益共赢的路径诉求,以期避免各利益主体间的"零和博弈"和"冲突内耗",有序推进我国腐败治理范围内公共资源交易领域利益冲突治理水平和治理能力的现代化进程。     

科学造假的哲学反思——从利益冲突视角分析科学造假的动因

科学造假屡禁不止,不同学者从不同的视角对这一问题进行了研究和探讨,从哲学的视角——利益冲突的视角进行反思,通过追溯利益冲突的溯源,并把这一词汇运用于科学社会学,给予正确的定位后,分析理性科学家发生造假的动因,为科学造假制度防控机制的完善和健全奠定基础。     

澳大利亚国立大学科研活动防止利益冲突的政策实践及启示

目前,由于我国有关科研活动利益冲突的制度不够完善,科研活动中的利益冲突现象屡屡发生,已经严重影响到高校科研活动的正常开展。澳大利亚国立大学已形成了一套成熟的防止利益冲突政策体系和监管机制,包括研究机构必须制定有关防止潜在利益冲突的政策;在科研活动中,研究人员感觉到有涉及利益冲突内容的,应自行回避等一系列有关利益冲突的披露、回避、管理与消除、调查与处罚的内容。澳大利亚国立大学设置了专门机构和人员,为学校的教职工和所有学生提供科研诚信方面的咨询及负责对学术不端行为的调查及处罚。因此,有必要借鉴澳大利亚国立大学科研活动利益冲突防范的成功经验,结合我国科研活动利益冲突的现状,从教育、制度、监督、惩处等方面采取措施,建立完善防止利益冲突的政策体系和监管机制,促进我国的科研事业健康发展。     

浅析制约治安学发展的因素

目前我国治安学学科体系已初具规模,研究的范围比较广泛,形成了一支比较稳定的研究队伍,有相当数量的学术专著、学术论文及研究成果,并能从不同学科的视角,以新的思维方式研究治安学的有关问题,为治安学的理论研究注人了新的活力。但还存在一些问题制约着治安学的发展,制约其发展的因素主要有：研究对象不够明确,学科性质模糊不清,基本理论研究深度不够,教材建设存在问题,教师队伍不够专业。     

Aleksandr Bogdanov and Systems Theory

The significance and potential of systems theory and complexity theory are best appreciated through an understanding of their origins. Arguably, their originator was the Russian philosopher and revolutionary, Aleksandr Bogdanov. Bogdanov anticipated later developments of systems theory and complexity theory in his efforts to lay the foundations for a new, post-capitalist culture and science. This science would overcome the division between the natural and the human sciences and enable workers to organise themselves and their productive activity. It would be central to the culture of a society in which class and gender divisions have been transcended. At the same time it would free people from the deformed thinking of class societies, enabling them to appreciate both the limitations and the significance of their environments and other forms of life. In this paper it is argued that whatever Bogdanov's limitations, such a science is still required if we are to create a society free of class divisions, and that it is in this light that developments in systems theory and complexity theory should be judged.     

防止利益冲突视野下的利益观教育

建立健全防止利益冲突制度是从源头上治理腐败,推动廉政建设纵深发展的必然选择,而利益观教育则是从思想源头上预防和治理腐败的基础,加强利益观教育,有助于增强防止利益冲突制度反腐败的效果。利益观教育是上个系统工程,需要多方面形成合力：应牢固树立马克思主义利益观,始终把人民群众的利益摆在第一位,把实现好、维护好、发展好最广大人民的根本利益作为全部工作的出发点和落脚点;应建立健全具有中国特色的利益观教育体制机制,拓展教育内容,创新教育方法;应深化干部人事制度与分配制度改革,运用利益激励机制,提高党员干部廉洁奉公的积极性。     

Animals, Ethics and Public Policy

In orthodox moral thinking in the West, animals count for something but human interests take precedence. It is argued that this moral orthodoxy or animal welfare position is flawed. It fails to take into account that some animals, like humans, are persons and that some, so-called 'marginal' humans lack personhood. More importantly, although it is likely that animals do not have an interest in liberty for its own sake and have less of an interest in continued life than humans, there is little justification for the animal welfare claim that an animal's suffering should be regarded as less important morally than that of a human. It is concluded that the adoption of a 'sentiency position', whereby animals have a right not to suffer, has radical implications for the way animals are treated, ruling out intensive forms of animal agriculture and those scientific procedures that inflict suffering as morally illegitimate.     

Complexity Science—An Alternative Framework for Understanding Strategic Management in Public Serving Organizations

ABSTRACT

Contemporary public-serving organizations—both government and nonprofit organizations—face increasing pressure to be innovative and adaptable amidst ongoing global changes. However, existing frameworks of strategic management are generally inadequate in managing the tensions between conflicting imperatives to be adaptable and innovative while providing stable and reliable services. In addition, existing strategic frameworks generally assume that strategic processes are dominated by a group of top decision makers. In contrast, public-serving organizations operate under growing legal and normative expectations to involve a diverse range of participants—individuals and organizations—in the strategy process.

In this paper, we propose that complexity science offers promise in providing a theoretical framework that describes inclusive strategic processes that are associated with both innovation and emergent order. To more fully understand the potential contributions of complexity science, we provide an introduction to complexity science and compare and contrast it to the existing frameworks that currently dominate research on strategic management in public-serving organizations. We then describe and illustrate how complexity science informs our understanding of strategy content, formulation, and implementation and its implications for inclusive management practices.     

Information Sharing for Infrastructure Risk Management: Barriers and Solutions

There is a public interest in ensuring that infrastructure systems are appropriately protected and prepared for disruptions. While infrastructure protection is usually viewed as a public responsibility, infrastructure risk management actually requires a high degree of cooperation between the public and private sectors, particularly in the sharing of information about risks to infrastructure. Discussions with Chief Security Officers across sectors of the US economy reveal the complexity of the task, as they describe at length the private sector's requirements of multiples types of information about a range of potential threats. While the US government has established many mechanisms for sharing information, barriers remain that inhibit both the private and public partners from obtaining the information needed to protect infrastructure. Overcoming these barriers requires new thinking about the intelligence generation process, the mechanisms and practices upon which the process relies, and the responsibilities of those in the private sector who participate in it.     

智力资源管理的若干基本问题

智力资源管理是介于知识管理和人力资源管理之间的管理活动,目的在于优化智力活动过程,实现智力资源合理配置,提高企事业单位的创新能力。智力资源管理研究涉及认知科学、复杂性科学、跨文化的思维方式比较研究等多个领域,需要采用某些不同于逻辑分析思维的研究方法,以期突破以往知识管理研究中的障碍。智力资源管理有助于实现智力活动即脑力劳动的“精益生产”,克服某些个人或组织的智力活动效能低下、智力资源浪费的弊端,带来明显的经济效益和社会效益。     

反腐倡廉建设的历史逻辑与现实问题

改革开放以来,我们党反腐倡廉建设的理论和实践逐步迈上了科学的发展轨道。但由于当前转型期经济社会的发展特点,宏观制度、文化环境中仍存有一些不利于开展反腐倡廉工作的因素,诱发了很多矛盾与问题。对此,我们应全面总结、吸取改革开放以来反腐倡廉建设的历史经验,坚持正确的反腐倡廉战略方针、原则方法和价值取向。要以规范权力运行为目标,以建立健全科学有效的反腐倡廉制度为核心,以发展党内外民主、提高权力运行透明度、落实反腐倡廉责任为突破,以现代信息技术运用为支撑,以推进惩治和预防腐败体系不断健全和有效运行为重点,与时俱进地推进反腐倡廉建设。     

On a code of ethics for policy experts

Advances in science and technology have exposed society to risks of unprecedented magnitude, which sometimes must be faced on very short notice, as in the field of nuclear power. Those developments have greatly increased the significance of the opinions of policy experts. When adversaries are pitted against one another on such issues, the risk that policy experts may lose legitimacy in the eyes of the public is very high. At such times, the concern grows that the experts' views may be influenced by pressure from their principals or by conflicts of personal interest. One step that could reduce the risk of a loss of legitimacy for policy experts is to develop a code of ethics, which would include such issues as defining the responsibility of the expert, identifying unacceptable conflicts of interest, determining the expert's obligations regarding secrecy and disclosure, and developing standards for the process of decision-making in emergencies.