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Design‐Build‐Finance‐Maintain‐Operate (DBFMO) contracts are a particular type of public‐private partnership whereby governments transfer the responsibility for the design, construction, financing, maintenance, and operation of a public infrastructure or utility service building to a multi‐headed private consortium through a long‐term performance contract. These arrangements present a typical principal‐agent problem because they incorporate a “carrot and stick” approach in which the agent (consortium) has to fulfill the expectations of the principal (procurer). This article deals with a neglected aspect in the literature related to the actual use of “the sticks or sanctions” in DBFMOs and assesses to what extent and under which conditions contract managers adopt a deterrence‐based enforcement approach or switch to a persuasion‐based approach, specifically when the contract clauses require the use of (automatic) deterrence. An empirical analysis of four DBFMOs in the Netherlands shows that the continuation of service delivery, the need to build trust, and the lack of agreement on output specifications play a role in the willingness of the procurer to apply a more responsive behavior that uses persuasion, even when deterrence should be automatically applied. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 相似文献
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Social enforcement, the decentralized action by organizational actors of monitoring, identifying, and reporting legal violations, is widely recognized as a key factor in ensuring good governance. This article reports on an experimental survey conducted in the US and Israel examining the behavior of individuals when confronting workplace unlawful conduct. The study provides novel insights into the relationships between state based, organization based, and employee based enforcement. It finds that the likelihood and the manner of reporting will vary depending on the type of illegality and are strongly correlated to perceptions of legitimacy, job security, and voice within the workplace. Comparing illegalities, employees prefer to report clear violations by rank and file employees rather than violations by managers. At the same time, external reporting to government or media entities is most likely when violations involve the organization as a whole or implicate top management. The study also finds cultural and gender differences in reporting patterns. Finally, the study provides support for the understanding that social norms are more predictive of social enforcement than expected organizational costs. 相似文献
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Highly flexible in nature, “contingent coordination” may be an ideal response mechanism for many of today's increasingly complex problems. However, the existing literature lacks a conceptual discussion regarding factors that contribute to its success or failure, as well as an empirical application of the theory. When the Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling unit exploded in April 2010, it resulted in the largest response effort in American history, involving personnel representing numerous organizations stretching from the southern coast of Louisiana through the panhandle of Florida. This article explores five underlying themes of contingent coordination, and applies those themes to the Deepwater Horizon incident response. We find that contingent coordination holds promise as a means to address transient, complex problems. 相似文献
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GLORIA SOTO 《Politics & Policy》2012,40(3):471-491
Fifteen years after its implementation, the North American Free Trade Agreement has been subject to evaluations from different perspectives, including environmental assessments. According to the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), results of these evaluations show that at the aggregate level, the environmental impacts of free trade are marginal. This article presents relationships between corn trade and environment through an ex post evaluation. I show a quantification of the land‐use change and connections with deforestation and biodiversity loss in Mexico, as poor farmers expanded their agricultural activity into marginal forest and jungle areas to compensate for lost income. I also analyze the impact on land‐use change in the United States resulting from increased corn exports to Mexico. Related Articles: Ibarrarán. 2007. “Climate Change Research and Policy in Mexico: Implications for North American Security.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00080.x/abstract VanNijnatten. 2007. “The Security and Prosperity Agreement as an ‘Indicator Species’ for the Emerging North American Environmental Regime.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00079.x/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= Related Media: Annan. 2005. “Message of Kofi Annan.” http://www.maweb.org/en/Videos.aspx Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005b. “Ecosystems and Human Well‐being.” http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf Quince años después de su implementación, el TLCAN ha sido sujeto a muchos estudios desde diferentes perspectivas, incluyendo evaluaciones ambientales. De acuerdo con la Comisión para la Cooperación Ambiental (CCA), los resultados de estas evaluaciones muestran que a un nivel agregado los impactos ambientales del libre comercio son marginales. Este artículo presenta la relación entre el comercio de maíz y el medio ambiente a través de una evaluación ex post. Se muestra una cuantificación del cambio de uso de suelo y su conexión con la deforestación y la pérdida de biodiversidad en México; a medida que agricultores de escasos recursos expandieron sus actividades agrícolas hacia los márgenes de áreas con bosques y selvas para compensar pérdidas en su ingreso. También se analiza el impacto de un cambio en el uso de suelo en los Estados Unidos como resultado de un aumento en las exportaciones de maíz a México. 相似文献
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《Politics & Policy》2018,46(4):678-710
Over the recent past, Mexico has been exemplary in having launched regulatory reforms in order to modernize its health‐care system, with major objectives being universal insurance coverage and less infrastructural fragmentation. In this article we argue that these reforms, widely inspired by the global New Public Management movement and its aftermath, take shape in a difficult encounter with both the traditional public administration model in Mexico and tensions endemic to the aforementioned reform movement as attempts to enhance system integration coincide with procedural disorganization. This results in a paradoxical internationalization of the Mexican health‐care system due to which the above objectives may be difficult to achieve. To illustrate our argument, we examine the Mexican case through the lens of experience two European countries (Germany and Norway) in which reforms have affected the health‐care system in a similar way. 相似文献