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1.
This paper explores two configurations of thinking about crime amongst law enforcement agencies and private sector security
managers: ‘risk calculation’ (concerned with everyday, calculable probabilities and impacts and their management) and ‘precautionary
uncertainty’ (concerned with events that might be incapacitating, yet are not calculable by probability assessments). The
paper explores their respective constituent concepts and fields of application in crime assessment, drawing upon qualitative
research-in-progress in Belgium. Risk calculation, as applied to crime, starts with past data on routines that link perpetrators
with targets that lack capable guardians. Precautionary uncertainty focuses on potential impacts that are highly disabling
and potentially wide-spreading (contagion, knock-on effects), asking how such impacts can be contained and recovered from.
Risk and uncertainty are shown to be related to ‘rational-instrumental’ and ‘deliberative-constitutive’ approaches as developed
by Fisher’s work in the field of law, which offers a meta-narrative in relation to which they can be positioned. Finally,
the paper asks if these two crime assessment methods should be seen as distinct or as merging. On the basis of criteria of
conceptual sharpness, openness to public debate and justiciability, the authors champion the maintenance of a clear distinction
between risk and uncertainty. 相似文献
2.
George Pavlich 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2007,1(1):115-117
In this response to Ronnie Lippens’ and Erik Claes’ critiques of a paper entitled ‘The Lore of Criminal accusation,’ Pavlich notes the ways in which his work might be compared to, yet differentiated from, abolitionist approaches to crime. Working through Lippens’ comments, he notes a possible way to understand the analysis and politics of crime (through accusation). Pavlich challenges Claes’ optimistic hypostatization of ‘criminal law’, idiosyncratic understandings of deconstruction and refocuses attention on the centrality of accusation to creating criminal subjects. 相似文献
3.
Vincenzo Ruggiero 《Critical Criminology》2007,15(3):211-221
The millions of deaths produced by states and governments make the 20th century ‘unnameable’, a century far more lethal than
all previous ‘pre-civil’ epochs. It does not appear that contemporary state violence tends to decline or to temper the brutality
commonly attributed to archaic armies, nor that the rules and limitations internationally imposed on that violence, throughout
the last decades, have reduced its effects. The 20th century having gone, and while hope was growing that mass murder and
destruction would also go with it, recent events appear to suggest that the twenty-first century is poised to become unnameable
in its turn. In this paper a reflection is presented of the notion of war as annihilation, which emerges in contemporary international
conflicts. This is followed by a review of the debate on the relationship between war, empire and crime. As a logical extension
of the argument developed, war is described as a particularly devastating form of crime of the powerful. Finally, reflecting
on the concept of ‘cosmopolitanism’, the discussion suggests that such a concept may offer legitimacy to those who invest
their enthusiasm in supporting contemporary wars as well as to those who fight against them. The latter may find inspiration
in the idea of a ‘critical’ cosmopolitanism. 相似文献
4.
Is it Important to Examine Crime Trends at a Local “Micro” Level?: A Longitudinal Analysis of Street to Street Variability in Crime Trajectories 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Elizabeth R. Groff David Weisburd Sue-Ming Yang 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2010,26(1):7-32
Over the last 40 years, the question of how crime varies across places has gotten greater attention. At the same time, as
data and computing power have increased, the definition of a ‘place’ has shifted farther down the geographic cone of resolution.
This has led many researchers to consider places as small as single addresses, group of addresses, face blocks or street blocks.
Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of the spatial distribution of crime have consistently found crime is strongly
concentrated at a small group of ‘micro’ places. Recent longitudinal studies have also revealed crime concentration across
micro places is relatively stable over time. A major question that has not been answered in prior research is the degree of
block to block variability at this local ‘micro’ level for all crime. To answer this question, we examine both temporal and
spatial variation in crime across street blocks in the city of Seattle Washington. This is accomplished by applying trajectory
analysis to establish groups of places that follow similar crime trajectories over 16 years. Then, using quantitative spatial
statistics, we establish whether streets having the same temporal trajectory are collocated spatially or whether there is
street to street variation in the temporal patterns of crime. In a surprising number of cases we find that individual street
segments have trajectories which are unrelated to their immediately adjacent streets. This finding of heterogeneity suggests
it may be particularly important to examine crime trends at very local geographic levels. At a policy level, our research
reinforces the importance of initiatives like ‘hot spots policing’ which address specific streets within relatively small
areas. 相似文献
5.
Using our own experiences in attempting to ‘do’ public criminology in the wake of a violent sexual assault on our campus,
we offer a critique of the emerging public criminology framework. Focusing specifically on tensions between fact and emotion
and representations of expertise in the news media, we argue for a greater respect for emotional responses to crime in moving
the public criminology agenda forward. We suggest that if public criminology sets as its goal educating the public about crime
with an eye towards injecting a counter/critical discourse into ‘get tough’ crime control policies, then public criminologists
need to recognize and take seriously the public’s emotions rather than negate them. Drawing on the work of Ahmed (The cultural
politics of emotion. Routledge, London, 2004), we suggest that the role of the expert is not to simply inform citizens of the ‘facts’ about crime, but to establish—through
emotions—the relationship between themselves and the imagined criminal Other (Young in Imagining crime: Textual outlaws and criminal conversations.
Sage Publications, London, 1996). Thus, alongside trying to convince the public to be more ‘rational’ when it comes to crime, critical criminologists must
start to accept people’s fear and anger as legitimate reactions and try to redirect these emotions toward more productive
ends. 相似文献
6.
This paper contributes to a rethinking of animal abuse control and animal welfare protection in criminology, specifically,
and in the social sciences more broadly. We do this, first, through a broad mapping of the institutional control complex around
animal abuse in contemporary Britain. Second, we focus on the institutional strategies and practices, past and present, of
the main agency of animal protection, and the policing thereof, in this society, namely the Royal Society for the Prevention
of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA). In looking back to this charity’s growth since the first decades of the nineteenth century
at the time of the birth of modern industrial capitalism and also to its current rationale and practices as a late-modern,
corporate organisation, we explore the seeming paradox of a private body taking a lead on the regulation and prosecution of
illegalities associated with animal-human relationships. Finally, the ideology and strategy of the RSPCA are explored in the
context of the often visceral and culturally influential ‘morality war’ associated with proponents, respectively, of animal
rights (‘abolition’) and ‘anthropic’ welfare proponents (‘regulation’ and ‘protection’). 相似文献
7.
Gang Lee Richard C. Hollinger Dean A. Dabney 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》1999,23(2):157-177
This paper uses self-report data from the 1993 National Shopping Center Security Survey to examine the growing problem of
crime at shopping centers located in the United States. Security managers from 369 shopping centers provided data on crime
incidents, private security measures, and numerous shopping center demographic measures. Data are analyzed via LISREL using
bivariate regression modeling. Results show that there is no direct relationship between the private security measures at
the shopping center and the occurrence of property, violent, or public order crimes on the premises. Instead, private security
presence is shaped by the size of the shopping center. Direct effects were also found between the incidence of crime on the
premises and the size of the shopping center and the presence of various “problematic” persons (i.e., gangs and loitering
groups of youth). Possible implications for shopping center security are considered. 相似文献
8.
Doreen McBarnet 《Critical Criminology》1992,3(2):56-74
Corporate crime is not the only means by which business can escape legal control. Law and legal definitions can also be used
and manipulated to legally avoid both control and penalties or stigma associated with outright crime. This articl analyses
such ‘legitimate rackets’ via a study of tax avoidance practices among business and ‘high net worth’ individuals. It describes
some of the techniques employed, analyses the difference between tax evasion (an offence) and tax avoidance, explores the
‘grey area’ at the boundaries, and draws out the implications for theory and policy. 相似文献
9.
Tim Hope 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2005,11(3-4):275-296
The social constructs and methodological principles embodied in the Maryland Scientific Methods Scale (SMS), comprising part
of the Campbell Collaboration in Crime and Justice assessment protocol, induce a series of biases in the evaluation of evidence
of crime prevention policy interventions that focus on collective social phenomena, such as communities. Applying these principles
leads to negative conclusions about effectiveness; yet their inherent ‘anti-social’ bias may induce Type II error with regard
to the desirability of ‘social’ interventions to reduce crime. Policy-making is poorly served as a result. This point is illustrated,
first, through a scrutiny of the social constructs used, including those that typify treatments, institutional settings and
units of analysis. These are seen as being constructed in a way that is congenial to the underlying methodological issue of
‘control’ but that constitute nevertheless a distorted definition of the governance issues involved in crime reduction in
community settings. A model more appropriate for evaluating voluntaristic action in civil society is needed. Second, it is
suggested that this methodological bias arises particularly in policy interventions and change programmes that address issues
concerning the ‘collective efficacy’ of local communities in reducing crime. An empirical exemplification of these arguments
is presented with reference to a completed evaluation research study (Foster and Hope, 1993). 相似文献
10.
11.
The present study explores the theory and, to the greatest degree possible given the limitations of the data, the reality
of aboriginal participation in what may be defined as ‘organized crime’ in Canada, engaging the possibility of a definition
of ‘aboriginal organized crime’ and the proposal of a ‘typology’ of participants. In the development of both the definition
and typology, the researchers build upon Beare's definition of organized crime to include the dimension of motivations—whether
social, political or economic—which theorists agree are crucial in understanding organized crime activities, but which do
not appear in current definitions of the term, as well as important contextual factors informing participation in aboriginal
organized crime networks. 相似文献
12.
Massimo Renzo 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2010,4(3):267-282
According to the received view crimes like torture, rape, enslavement or enforced prostitution are domestic crimes if they
are committed as isolated or sporadic events, but become crimes against humanity when they are committed as part of a ‘widespread
or systematic attack’ against a civilian population. Only in the latter case can these crimes be prosecuted by the international
community. One of the most influential accounts of this idea is Larry May’s International Harm Principle, which states that
crimes against humanity are those that somehow ‘harm humanity.’ I argue that this principle is unable to provide an adequate
account of crimes against humanity. Moreover, I argue that the principle fails to account for the idea that crimes against
humanity are necessarily group based. I conclude by suggesting that the problem with May’s account is that it relies on a
harm-based conception of crime which is very popular, but ultimately mistaken. I submit that in order to develop an adequate
theory of crimes against humanity we need to abandon the harm-based model and replace it with an alternative conception of
crime and criminal law, one based on the notion of accountability. 相似文献
13.
Various scholars have noted the priority given to law in the politics of hate violence; violence is the problem and law, more
specifically the criminal law, the solution at the ‘heart’ of society. This article seeks to explore some of the gaps and
silences in the existing literature and politics that mobilize these ideas and associations. It is the gap sand silences associated
with demands for and expectations of criminal justice that will be the particular concern of this article. The demand for
law is examined by way of David Garland's recent work on the culture of crime control. His work offers an analysis of the
contemporary place of crime control in Anglo-American liberal democracies. A distinctive feature of his analysis is to be
found in the way it maps an important paradox of contemporary crime control; its political centrality and an increasing recognition
of its limitations. Garland's ‘criminology of the self’ and the ‘criminology of the other’ raise some important challenges
for those who advocate resort to crime control. My particular concern is to consider the significance of Garland's work for
a contemporary sexual politics that puts violence and criminal justice at the heart of that politics. Feminist, gay and lesbian
scholarship first on criminal justice and second, on violence and law will be used to develop a critical dialogue with Garland's
analysis and to reflect upon the challenges raised by his insights into contemporary crime control.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Environmental and wildlife crime appear recently to be benefitting from an increasing profile amongst those agencies tasked
with their control, as well as receiving growing criminological attention. Despite this, those with responsibilities in this
area report that it remains marginalised, receiving limited resources and suffering from a lack of political impetus to push
such problems higher up the agenda. This is particularly so for those agencies, such as the police, that may be seen to have
many more pressing objectives. This discussion paper considers the problems of relying on an enforcement approach to controlling
such offences, taking, as an example, those activities that may be termed ‘wildlife crime’, focusing on the situation in England
and Wales. Firstly, the legislative framework that criminalises harm or exploitation of wildlife is presented, alongside the
main enforcement methods used. Next, the problems facing an enforcement approach are critically considered, the key issues
being: under-resourcing and marginalisation, the large ‘dark-figure’ of wildlife crime, the possibility of corruption, the
lack of seriousness with which such crimes are viewed, and the lack of deterrent effect. Finally, responses to the problems
of enforcement are presented, categorised as either methods to improve enforcement or, as the author advocates, methods which
are alternatives to enforcement (such as adopting a crime prevention approach). The paper concludes with suggestions for future
research in this field. 相似文献
15.
In the United States, infamous crimes against innocent victims—especially children—have repeatedly been regarded as justice
system “failures” and resulted in reactionary legislation enacted without regard to prospective negative consequences. This
pattern in part results when ‘memorial crime control’ advocates implicitly but inappropriately apply the tenets of routine
activities theory, wherein crime prevention is presumed to be achievable by hardening likely targets, increasing the costs
associated with crime commission, and removing criminal opportunity. In response, the authors argue that academic and public
policy discourse will benefit from the inclusion of a new criminological perspective called random activities theory, in which tragic crimes are framed as rare but statistically inevitable ‘Black Swans’ instead of justice system failures.
Potential objections and implications for public policy are discussed at length. 相似文献
16.
Derek McGhee 《Liverpool Law Review》2008,29(1):99-115
In many ways his article confronts the Sociologist C. Wright Mills’s famous injunction on turning private troubles into public
issues. However, this is a trickier process than usual as the victims at the centre of these private troubles are not children,
women, lesbian, gays, the elderly, or the disabled. The victims here are what Stan Cohen has described as ‘impure victims’,
in that they are individuals who are suspected of being ‘involved’ in ‘terrorist’ activities. The private troubles these impure
victims are experiencing are the loss of many of the rights most of us enjoy (for example, the right to liberty and the right
to a fair trial). The public issue that will be examined here is what étienne Balibar refers to as the reality of the extreme
violence of the State in contemporary societies against ‘radically excluded’ individuals. This chapter is an examination of
the long and winding road to the Government achieving its over-riding ambition in the war on terror in the UK: the deportation
of terror suspects to regimes where (despite diplomatic assurances) torture is inevitable.
相似文献
Derek McGheeEmail: |
17.
18.
John Lea 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2010,54(2):141-158
Left Realism, as it emerged in the mid 1980s in the UK was a policy-oriented intervention focusing on the reality of crime
for the working class victim and the need to elaborate a socialist alternative to conservative emphases on ‘law and order’.
It saw the renewal of high crime, deprived communities as involving democratic police accountability to those communities.
During the subsequent period developments have moved very much against the orientations of Left Realism. This paper compares
two different contexts of renewal—the deprived urban community in the UK and the war-torn ‘failed state’ in Bosnia—and identifies
certain common policy orientations which are then criticised from a Left Realist perspective. 相似文献
19.
While the discourses and practices of crime prevention are of increasing salience, few criminologists have sought the inclusion of corporate illegalities on such agendas. Relatedly, within criminology, there has been a diminished tendency to think in idealistic, utopian and emancipatory terms. This paper is one small attempt to think in precisely such terms.1 But it is not an exercise in pure imagination. In particular, the paper makes extended reference to Finland, where recent experience suggests that corporate crime prevention may be feasible, under certain conditions, albeit subject to certain limitations. Thus we consider both the desirability and the feasibility of corporate crime prevention intruding upon the generally narrowly constructed terrain of ‘crime prevention’. We begin with a critique of some of the key aspects of crime prevention discourses – at both theoretical and practical levels – with a particular emphasis upon the extent to which these are both more appropriately and usefully applied to corporate crime prevention, before going on to discuss corporate crime prevention ‘in action’, through a focus upon recent developments in Finland. In a concluding section, we consider various aspects of both the desirability and feasibility of corporate crime prevention. 相似文献
20.
Bryan R. Hogeveen 《Critical Criminology》2005,13(3):287-305
After a decade of high incarceration rates, the Canadian Department of Justice has revised its approach to juvenile justice.
Enshrined in the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA), the renewed youth justice system stresses the importance and responsibility
of community for crime control. While on the surface the state’s appeals to such programmes as restorative justice seem laudable,
caution should be exercised in fully endorsing this approach. While community initiatives have been criticized for “widening
the net of social control” and intruding state control deeper into social life, their exclusionary potential is perhaps more
troubling. Following Derrida’s metaphysics of presence, I suggest that ‘community’ perpetually finds meaning in opposition
to the other. In this environment, Aboriginal youth, who are among the most marginalized in Canadian society, will likely
be the most unfavourably effected. This paper does not, however, entirely reject the Act’s appeal to community. Nevertheless,
I argue that for meaningful challenges to contemporary constructions of community and youth justice to occur the discursive
limits forced upon ‘community’ must be fractured and fashioned in ways that renounce homogeneity.
We strongly believe the solution to youth crime is in the community. Give the community the ability to deal with it and they
will (Canada 1997). 相似文献