Analysis of a soldered wire burnt in a fire

Fire investigators frequently encounter electrical wires with melted ends at fire scenes, which can provide useful information on the cause and development of the fire even when the melted ends result from the fires. A bead on a melted end of a wire was found in the area of origin of a massive fire that lasted for nearly a whole day, devastating a factory. The bead appeared to be the end of a wire soldered to a terminal. X-ray analysis showed that the bead is a tin-copper alloy. Although regular tin-lead solder was used in the factory, lead was not detected. This contradictory result stood in the way of fire investigation. Therefore, an unused wire soldered with tin-lead solder was heated in an electric furnace at 500 degrees C for 3 h for further examination. X-ray analysis of this wire showed that copper can be alloyed with tin while losing lead in a long-term heat in a fire.     

产业政策法初论

产业政策是市场经济条件下政府宏观经济调控政策的重要方面 ,产业政策法是产业政策的法律化。产业政策法具有政策性、社会本位性和综合性等特征 ,是宏观调控法的重要组成部分 ,其体系主要由产业结构政策法、产业组织政策法、产业技术政策法和产业布局政策法等构成。在“入世”、知识经济和可持续发展的背景下 ,我国以市场经济为基础的产业政策及产业政策法需要得到进一步的发展和完善     

解读“高校法治”,保障高校和谐与稳定

依法治国方略的推进拉开了高教领域法治的序幕,依法治校的实践成如火如荼之势。为实现高校的和谐与稳定,"高校法治"提供了一种理论维度的反思,实现了现实问题的学术化。现行研究存在混淆"高校法治"与"依法治校"、高校法治万能论及价值立场的忽视三种理论误区。只有合理地解析高校法治的内涵才能正本清源、消除歧见,完善高校法治的制度体系。     

Labor Regulation,Corporate Governance,and Legal Origin: A Case of Institutional Complementarity?

We explore the influential claim that "legal origin"—the historical origin of a given national legal system in the common law or civil law—accounts for a significant degree of cross-national diversity in economic regulation and development. We show that the claim is undermined by problems in index construction and by a misreading of the implications of the common law/civil law divide for the respective roles of courts and legislatures in law making. We argue that a critical factor, instead, was the timing of industrialization in relation to the emergence of legal institutions associated with the modern business enterprise (the employment relationship and the joint stock company). We also show how distinctive "legal cultures" of the common law and civil law have played a part in setting national systems on separate pathways to economic development.     

Law, Finance, and Politics: The Case of India

The liberalization of India's economy since 1991 has brought with it considerable development of its financial markets and supporting legal institutions. An influential body of economic scholarship asserts that a country's "legal origin"—as a civilian or common law jurisdiction—plays an important part in determining the development of its investor protection regulations, and consequently its financial development. An alternative theory claims that the determinants of investor protection are political, rather than legal. We use the case of India to test these theories. We find little support for the idea that India's legal heritage as a common law country has been influential in speeding the path of regulatory reforms and financial development. Rather, we suggest there are complementarities between (1) India's relative success in services and software; (2) the relative strength of its financial markets for outside equity, as opposed to outside debt; and (3) the relative success of stock market regulation, as opposed to reforms of creditor rights. We conclude that political economy explanations have more traction in explaining the case of India than do theories based on "legal origins."     

历史视野中民法的“多彩人像”

对“民法上人”的特点或称“色彩”的假设是民法制度展开及其正当性的基础。罗马法上的人具有多神社会中“家”的祭司和二元社会中“家”的主权者双重色彩。近代民法上的人像包括人是“主体”的世界、抽象理性人、孤立的“经济人”三重色彩,其底色——对理性和人性的乐观主义,是近代个人主义的自由主义法律制度正当性的真正基础。人在工业社会的异化摧毁了乐观理性主义。社会学的发展揭示:人与人被无可避免地连结,非物质因素、非理性因素经常分别是社会发展和人类行为中的决定性因素。嬗变中的现代民法上人像色彩包括:被连结在社会网络中受约束的人、混合了自利和激情的有限理性人、平等性丧失的“具体”人、去神圣化的人、相互协作、相互关心的人。     

促进稳定发展的法律类型之比较研究

现代国家的治理,主要仰赖政策与法律。促进经济与社会稳定发展是政府不可推卸的责任,由此,也促进了法律的发展,法律对促进经济与社会稳定发展有着独到的优势。现代性法律中具有促进型结构的规范类型的集合,可以概括为"促进型法"。英美法系限制干预型立法以"稳定"促进发展,大陆法系国家依法调控型立法以"鼓励"促进发展。"促进型法"具有内在的促进发展的特定规范结构,是专门促进经济与社会稳定发展的抽象性、类型化的规范概念,既有核心内核和中心体系,又有边缘结构。     

Metallographic analysis and fire dynamics simulation for electrical fire scene reconstruction

This study demonstrated the use of metallographic analysis and NIST's Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) program to identify the cause of an actual electrical fire. A severely carbonized steel plate and a cable with a bead were found inside a damaged switchboard from the debris of a factory fire. By metallographic analysis, the copper spatter on the steel plate was found to imply a short circuit has occurred and that this was the probable ignition source of the fire was supported by the presence of a small amount of copper oxide and by the cavities with the tree-like grain microstructures in the bead. The heat estimated to have been released per unit area of the switchboard in question (approximately 236.29 MJ/m(2)) served as key input data for applying the FDS simulation of the blaze. The simulation indicated that thermal insulation polyethylene (PE) played an important role in the rapid fire spread.     

新发展格局与“发展型法治”的构建

在我国开启现代化国家建设的新发展阶段,构建"双循环"的新发展格局不仅需要经济上的谋划,也需要相关法律制度的有力推动。其中,经济法作为典型的"发展促进法",对"双循环"的四大环节及其赖以存续的现代化经济体系,均具有重要影响。通过审视经济法对"双循环"的促进和保障,有助于揭示"新发展格局—新发展理念—发展型法治"的内在关联,以及更为具体的"问题—价值—制度"之间的逻辑联系,由此可以说明构建与新发展格局相应的"发展型法治"的必要性和可行性,以及在制度建设方面应兼顾的"安全与发展"价值,从而不断推进发展导向型的良法善治,这尤其有助于推进我国整体法治的完善,丰富法治理论和经济法的相关理论,推动新兴的"发展法学"的构建。     

亚洲法研究:过去、现在与未来

亚洲法研究始于二十世纪五、六十年代的美国,其后在欧洲、亚洲国家陆续展开。存在两种主要的亚洲法研究进路,一是以"法律与发展理论"为代表的西方法律视角;一是基于亚洲法的内部立场。美国的"法律与发展理论"经历了三个阶段的发展历程,各个阶段有其自身的特征。亚洲的亚洲法研究始于日本,韩国、中国等国家也正逐步展开,但其也存在若干困难。未来的亚洲法研究需要亚洲国家加强合作以及建立起对亚洲法的身份认同。     

The Impact of Legal Education: An In-Depth Examination of Career-relevant Interests, Attitudes, and Personality Traits Among First-Year Law Students

This article examines in detail patterns of change in career-relevant interests, attitudes, and personality characteristics among first-year students in one law school. The data presented suggest that a single entering law school class can be viewed as a varied group in terms of career plans and potential behavioral styles. Moreover, immersion in the law school environment may accentuate this initial variability. Although some studies have suggested that, overall, first-year law students experience a drop in law interests, including interests in altruistic and "socially conscious" career activities, the methods of analysis used in this study suggest alternative interpretations of some aspects of such changes. In addition, the author believes these methods shed greater light on the overall process of professional development in law school.     

文明转型与世界法律变革

人类文明从1500年以后开始由农耕文明向商工文明转型.商工文明具有农耕文明不具有的众多特点和优势,其最突出的特点就是商业交换主导工业生产、科技发展和人际交往生活.商工文明形成、发展的过程是一个复杂的法律变革过程,主要表现为:1500-1850年的制订宪法,改革刑法、民法、诉讼法以保护人们的生命、财产、人身自由和精神信仰...     

Economic change and demographic continuity: The demography of Borne and Wierden (the Netherlands) in the period of proto- and factory industry, 1800–1900

"The article tests some central hypotheses from theories of proto-industrialization. The work of Mendels and Medick suggests that prolonged intensification of cottage industry on a regional level will have significant consequences for nuptiality and fertility. Two family reconstitution studies in the Dutch region of Twente, an area with proto-industrial activities (linen weaving) since the second half of the seventeenth century, showed that with respect to nuptiality, there are no indications of the existence of a proto-industrial or industrial marriage pattern. It is argued that its absence, in spite of intensive cottage and factory industry in the region, can be attributed to the existence, on the level of the family, of a dual economy in which agriculture and textiles production supplemented each other well into the twentieth century."     

Indonesian labour law development and reform： The years of ratifying fundamental human rights defined within the ILO core conventions

Indonesia has a long experience in developing and reforming its labour law in order to response and accommodate fundamental human rights defined within International Labour Organization （ILO） core conventions. It was in particular for enhancing substance of workers＇ prosperity in industrial relationships in the country. For the purpose of changing paradigm in industrial relationships namely the corporatist model or regulatory model into the contractual model and replacing the single union system with multi-union system in term of labor institution and worker association （particularly based on the ILO Convention No. 87 and No. 98）, the government of Indonesia fairly enacted the Act No. 21 of 2000 regarding Trade Unions and the Act No. 13 of 2003 regarding Labor.     

论基于确立“新型产业结构”的税法修正

产业结构失衡已成为我国经济可持续发展的最大障碍之一,建立“新型产业结构”刻不容缓.税法在产业结构调整中具有很好的引导作用.但现行税法与“新型产业结构”的形成有一定的冲突,有必要在以下几个方面进行修正:扩大增值税征收范围、抵扣范围以及确定合理的扣除率;改变消费税的征税范围和计税依据;进一步改进企业所得税间接优惠方式和亏损转结的规定;扩大资源税征收范围和改变计税方式.     

知识产权法的制度创新本质与知识创新目标

创新是知识产权法的历史过程与时代使命。知识产权法的创新意义,表现在其本身的制度创新与所追求的知识创新两个方面。知识产权法产生、变革和发展的历史,即为科技、文化创新与法律制度创新相互作用、相互促进的历史。理想的知识产权制度应是持续激励创新的制度,也是自身不断创新的制度。现代知识产权法存在可能发生的"制度风险",影响或制约着创新发展目标的实现。国家与社会事务的管理者具有"政治企业家"的角色担当,作为创新制度的最大供给者,应在知识产权法的主体意识层面、制度设计层面以及社会运行层面作出理性反思和积极应对。     

深圳市“11．19”重大火灾事故的法医学鉴定

火灾事故的法医学鉴定是司法鉴定实践中的一个重要课题。１９９３年１１月１９日深圳致丽玩具厂发生重大火灾事故，烧死８７人，烧伤５１人。本文对事故中受难者的死亡原因及个人识方法别进行了分析。并对处理类似重大事故的法医学鉴定程序进行了探讨。     

法治与小康社会

本文以党的十八大报告关于法治与小康社会的基本论述为依据,通过解读十八大报告对小康社会提出的法治建设新要求,即"国家各项工作法治化",创造性地提出了"法治小康"的概念。作者在文章中指出,"法治小康"是对"法治"建设状况与"小康社会"社会发展目标两个方面的期待与要求。作者通过对"法治"价值的基本内涵、"法治化"的最低制度与行为要求,指出了"小康社会"对"法治化"所提出的法治水平最低要求,包括法治"供给"与法治"需求"之间关系的基本适度和平衡;不同法律之间的相互协调,特别是法律制度自身的"统一性";通过贯彻落实依法治国基本方略,来彻底否定人治,弘扬法治,真正地实现"宪法法律至上"的价值目标;通过"法治思维与法治方式"来凝聚成"法治文化"形态的法治精神等等。本文还全面地考察了党的十一届三中全会以来我国"法治"价值内涵的逐渐形成、完善到成熟的发展过程,指出了"依宪治国"、"依宪执政"是实现"小康社会法治化"的必由之路这一重要的法治发展战略目标与机遇。     

On Necessity as a Defence to Crime: Possibilities, Problems and the Limits of Justification and Excuse

The article reviews recent developments in England in the law of necessity as a defence to crime and calls for its further extension. It argues that the defence of necessity presents the criminal law with difficult questions of competing values and the ordering of harms. English law has taken a nuanced position on the respective roles of the courts and the legislature in the ordering of harms, although the development of the law has been pragmatic rather than coherently theorised. The law has granted necessity some scope as an exculpatory principle in the law of general defences, but it has also respected the primacy of the legislature as the legitimate arbiter of many of the competitions of value that necessity throws up. The recognition of necessity has not been in the form of a single unified defence of that name. Rather it has taken the form of a number of defences, based on a principle of necessity, but with different nomenclature and different rationales. This approach to necessity is defended as right in terms of principle and policy. Any further development of necessity as a general defence should be restricted to two contexts, namely those of emergencies, and of conflicts of duty, where a danger of death or serious injury is present.

论我国外资经济的贫困化增长

本文在对外资经济贫困化增长理论和描述性模型进行分析的基础上,对中国外资经济发展现状进行了综合判断.低技术含量、劳动密集型、出口导向的外资经济,已经出现国民所得下降的贫困化增长;资本、技术密集型外资经济虽未出现贫困化增长,但存在外资控制技术、垄断市场的趋势.前者面临的是如何跃出"比较优势陷阱"的问题,主要存在于珠三角地区;后者面临的是如何防范"拉美化陷阱"的问题,主要存在于长三角地区.提高外资经济中的国民所得,实现外资经济增长转型,应选择诱致性转型路径.