可卡因对小鼠离体腹腔巨噬细胞功能的影响

目的研究可卡因对体外培养小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞功能的影响。方法无菌分离小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,制备单细胞悬液,分别用不同浓度的可卡因作用于正常的和LPS活化的腹腔巨噬细胞。MTT法检测其增殖反应;ELISA法检测巨噬细胞培养上清中TNF-α的分泌水平;生物活性检测法检测IL-1的活性。结果可卡因在终浓度10、20和100μtg／mL时能明显抑制LPS刺激的腹腔巨噬细胞增殖反应,减少TNF-α、IL．1的释放,与对照组相比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论可卡因对体外培养腹腔巨噬细胞功能有明显抑制作用。     

可卡因染毒致小鼠免疫功能损伤的影响

目的考察可卡因染毒对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法 615纯系雄性小鼠20只,随机均分为实验组和对照组;实验组小鼠以30mg/kg盐酸可卡因每天1次进行腹腔连续注射,空白组给予相同量盐水同法注射盐水;第30d处死小鼠,测量体重与脏器系数,用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测脾细胞、胸腺细胞与腹腔巨噬细胞(PMφs)的增殖活性;用生物活性检测法检测IL-1与IL-2的活性;用ELISA法检测IFN-γ与TNF-α含量。结果实验组小鼠脾细胞、胸腺细胞与PMφs的增殖反应明显降低;脾细胞培养上清液中IL-2与IFN-γ活性明显降低;PMφs培养上清中IL-1与TNF-α活性明显降低;体重、脾脏与胸腺系数也明显降低;上述指标较之对照组均有显著性差异(P0.01)。结论在活体条件下可卡因染毒对小鼠免疫系统功能有明显抑制作用。     

可卡因染毒致小鼠免疫功能损伤的影响

目的考察可卡因染毒对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法615纯系雄性小鼠20只,随机均分为实验组和对照组;实验组小鼠以30mg／kg盐酸可卡因每天1次进行腹腔连续注射,空白组给予相同量盐水同法注射盐水;第30d处死小鼠,测量体重与脏器系数,用四甲基偶氮唑蓝（MTr）法检测脾细胞、胸腺细胞与腹腔巨噬细胞（PMφs）的增殖活性;用生物活性检测法检测IL-1与IL-2的活性;用ELISA法检测IFN-γ／与TNF—α含量。结果实验组小鼠脾细胞、胸腺细胞与PMφs的增殖反应明显降低;脾细胞培养上清液中IL-2与IFN-γ活性明显降低;PMφs培养上清中IL-1与TNF—α活性明显降低;体重、脾脏与胸腺系数也明显降低;上述指标较之对照组均有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论在活体条件下可卡因染毒对小鼠免疫系统功能有明显抑制作用。     

可卡因对性成熟期雄性大鼠生殖功能的损害

目的探讨可卡因对性成熟期雄性大鼠生殖功能的影响及其作用机制。方法选用性成熟期健康雄性SD大鼠30只，随机分为实验组和对照组，每组15只。实验组大鼠以15mg／kg剂量每天皮下注射可卡因28d。观察动物体质量、睾丸质量改变，检测血液中激素含量的变化．利用原位缺口末端标记（TUNEL）法检测睾丸细胞的凋亡，免疫组化方法检测睾丸Fas基因的表达。结果（1）实验组大鼠体质量、睾丸质量明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）；（2）实验组与对照组相比，睾酮含量明显降低（P〈O．05）：（3）实验组睾丸细胞凋亡较对照组明显增多（P〈0．05），Fas基因表达明显增加（P〈0．05）．且Fas基因阳性表达与睾丸细胞的凋亡指数呈正相关（r=0．9012，P〈O．05）。结论可卡因可致大鼠生殖器官发育和生殖内分泌功能损害．造成生精细胞凋亡．增殖能力下降．可能与Fas介导的睾丸生精细胞凋亡机制有关。     

大麻对正常小鼠脾淋巴细胞的免疫损伤作用

目的考察大麻对正常小鼠脾细胞的免疫损伤作用。方法采用小鼠脾细胞体外培养法,在细胞培养液中加入100～200μg/mL大麻提取物,连续培养。检测小鼠脾细胞的ConA增殖反应、脾细胞凋亡现象和脾细胞培养上清中IL-2活性;观察脾细胞超微结构的改变和脾细胞内caspase-3活性。结果与正常对照组相比较,大麻染毒组小鼠脾细胞的ConA增殖反应和培养上清中IL-2的活性均显著降低,经Hoechst 33258染色可见大量凋亡的脾细胞;琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示为DNA梯形谱带;透射电镜观察发现100μg/mL大麻组小鼠脾细胞超微结构改变程度随接触时间延长而显著;荧光定量法检测显示100μg/mL大麻染毒组脾细胞内caspase-3活性显著升高。结论大麻提取物能引起小鼠脾淋巴细胞凋亡。     

可卡因对小鼠脾细胞内ATP酶、LDH和SDH活性的影响

目的 考察盐酸可卡因对体外培养小鼠脾细胞内ATP酶、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(succinate dehydrogenase,SDH)活性的影响. 方法 采用小鼠脾细胞体外培养的方法 ,在脾细胞培养液中加入终质量浓度分别为10、20和100μg/mL的盐酸可卡因,按试剂盒所述务件在7d时检测脾细胞中ATP酶、LDH和SDH活性. 结果 在离体脾细胞培养液中加入不同剂量的可卡因,培养7d,脾细胞内ATP酶、LDH与SDH活性均明显降低. 结论 可卡因对脾细胞内ATP酶、LDH和SDH活性有抑制作用.     

特异性可卡因核酸适体测试条的研制

目的筛选识别可卡因的特异性核酸适体,制备可卡因核酸适体测试条（盒）。方法通过SELEX技术筛选可卡因核酸适体,制备胶体金标记可卡因完全抗原（COC-BSA）,制作可卡因层析测试条,并对方法特异性、灵敏度、准确性等性能指标进行考察和验证。结果甲基苯丙胺等64种药品和毒品采用本文研制的可卡因测试条检测,结果均为阴性,无交叉反应;检测可卡因最低浓度在5ng/mL,比胶体金单克隆抗体方法检测高5倍;将测试条密封45℃烘烤1个月后,检测结果与未烘烤过的测试条检测结果一致;与GC/MS检测结果对照,准确性为100%。结论本文研制的可卡因核酸适体检测试条,性能稳定,特异性良好,灵敏性和准确性均可达到实际检测的要求,在毒品、毒物的检测中具有广阔的应用前景。     

人体中可卡因代谢物：尿液中四种未报道过的可卡因代谢物的鉴定

在体内,可卡因由于酶的作用和化学过程迅速转变为代谢物,因此通常尿中仅能提出很少可卡因。尿中两种主要代谢物为苯甲酰牙子碱及牙子碱甲基酯。Amber 最近报道可卡因在尿中14～17%以苯甲酰牙子碱形式被提出,12～21%以牙子碱甲基酯形式被提出。另外报道的体内尿中可卡因代谢物包括:降可卡因、牙子碱、苯甲酰降牙子碱、脱水芽子碱甲基酯、苯甲酰环上羟基化的可卡因、羟基、甲氧基取代的苯甲酰芽子碱。本文报道一种扩展的GC/MS 方法,用于分析药物试验中收集的1例尿样,该     

不同温度下离体人脾细胞DNA降解的差异性研究

目的研究不同温度下离体人脾细胞DNA降解的差异性。方法应用Feu lgen染色及计算机图像分析技术,测量并分析在不同温度下死后早期(36h内)各个时间点离体人脾细胞DNA含量的差异性情况。结查人死后7~36h内代表DNA含量的参数中,异形指数(ID)、密度变化数(LDC)、积分光密度(IOD)、平均光密度(AOD)及平均灰度(AG)在不同温度下其测量值具有统计学差异性(P<0.05),其中密度变化数(LDC)、平均光密度(AOD)和平均灰度(AG)具有显著统计学差异性(P<0.01)。结论温度对死后DNA降解有明显影响,进行温度对死亡时间(PM I)推断的影响的研究有重要的法医学意义。     

LC-MS／MS测定尿液中可卡因及其代谢物苯甲酰爱康宁

目的建立尿液中可卡因(cocaine,COC)及其代谢物苯甲酰爱康宁(benzoylecgonine,BZE)的液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。方法尿液经固相萃取后,用AllurePFP丙基柱分离,以V(甲醇):V(20mmol/L乙酸胺和0.1%甲酸的缓冲溶液)=80∶20为流动相,采用二级质谱多反应监测模式检测COC和BZE。按10mg/kg的剂量对豚鼠腹腔注射可卡因,给药后收集7d尿液。结果尿液中COC和BZE在2.0～100ng/mL质量浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9995),最低检测限(LOD)为0.5ng/mL;回收率大于90%;日内和日间精密度均小于6%;豚鼠尿液中主要检测目标物是BZE,且BZE检测时限也较COC长。结论所建方法灵敏度高,选择性好,适用于尿液中可卡因和苯甲酰爱康宁的检测。     

Relationships between concentrations of cocaine and its hydrolysates in peripheral blood, heart blood, vitreous humor and urine

Cocaine is known to degrade in vivo and in vitro by several hydrolytic mechanisms. A previous study found that the initial amount of cocaine added to plasma could be accounted for by summing the molar concentrations of cocaine's hydrolysis products and the cocaine remaining after hydrolysis. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether or not relationships might exist between such molar concentration sums for different postmortem bodily fluids. Determinations of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, and ecgonine were performed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) with heart blood, femoral blood, vitreous humor (VH), and urine (UR). The results demonstrate a strong correlation between blood and VH concentrations (correlation coefficients of 0.88-0.94), weak correlation between the UR and blood concentrations (correlation coefficients of 0.61-0.64), and weak correlation between UR and VH concentrations (correlation coefficient of 0.59). The results demonstrate that ecgonine is a significant hydrolysate with concentrations on the same order of magnitude as benzoylecgonine. The results are consistent with rapid distribution of the parent drug and its hydrolysates in the blood and VH. The strong correlation between the blood and VH demonstrates that VH is an important medium for toxicology testing when attempting to make a determination of cocaine intoxication.     

Tropane ethyl esters in illicit cocaine: isolation, detection, and determination of new manufacturing by-products from the clandestine purification of crude cocaine base with ethanol

Seven ethyl homologues of known tropane esters have recently been detected as impurities in the gas chromatographic signature profiles of authentic Peruvian illicit cocaine base and hydrochloride exhibits. Peruvian cocaine base processors are now known to use ethanol for the purification of crude cocaine base. This process is referred to as the "base lavada" or "washed base" process and is a recent substitute method for the potassium permanganate oxidation purification methodology. Seven ethyl ester homologues were formed in illicit cocaine from the transesterification of known tropane methyl esters or possibly ethyl esterification of their respective tropane C-2 carboxylic acids in the presence of ethanol. Exhibits containing these compounds were subjected to gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses to determine their identity and were subsequently synthesized to verify their structures. Quantitative determinations were obtained from ion-pair chromatography isolation followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Specifically, hexanoylecgonine ethyl ester, cocaethylene, cis-cinnamoylecgonine ethyl ester, trans-cinnamoylecgonine ethyl ester, 3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzoylecgonine ethyl ester, cis-3',4',5'-trimethoxycinnamoylecgonine ethyl ester, and trans-3',4',5'-trimethoxycinnamoylecgonine ethyl ester were detected and characterized. When present, these compounds were detected at levels ranging from 8.6 x 10(-4) to 9.3 x 10(-1)% relative to cocaine.     

Fatalities associated with fentanyl and co-administered cocaine or opiates

Fatalities associated with fentanyl hydrochloride are increasingly seen in Massachusetts. Between September 2005 and November 2006, 5009 medicolegal investigations associated 107 deaths with licit or illicit fentanyl use, along with a co-detection of an opiate/opioid or cocaine/benzoylecognine, or both. Deaths associated with illicit fentanyl use occur in younger people (39.4 vs. 61.5 years) with higher fentanyl (17.1 ng/mL vs. 4.4 ng/mL) and lower morphine (76.9 ng/mL vs. 284.2 ng/mL) postmortem blood concentrations, and more frequent cocaine co-intoxication (65% vs. 3%), than deaths associated with illicit fentanyl use. A wide range of postmortem blood concentrations of fentanyl was detected (trace-280 ng/mL), with a minimum concentration of 7 ng/mL of fentanyl strongly associated with illicit use of fentanyl in poly-drug cases. The most commonly detected opiates/opioids in illicit fentanyl users were: morphine (29%), oxycodone (14.5%), and methadone (14.5%). Ethanol, cannabinoids, diazepam, citalopram, and diphenhydramine were each detected in greater than 10% of the licit fentanyl cases. Most fentanyl abusers died at their own home and their deaths were most often classified as accidental. Mapping of primary residences of decedents revealed conspicuous clustering of the illicit fentanyl use cases, as opposed to the random pattern in licit use cases. Fentanyl misuse is a public health problem in Massachusetts.     

Rapid separation and characterization of cocaine and cocaine cutting agents by differential mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry

Forensic drug laboratories are inundated with cases requiring time-consuming GC- or LC-based chromatographic separations of submitted samples. High-throughput analytical methods would be of great practical utility within forensic drug analysis. Recently developed ion-mobility-based separation methods combined with mass spectrometry can often be used without chromatography, suppress chemical interferents of similar mass, and operate in seconds. We have evaluated differential mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (DMS-MS) for performance on adulterated cocaine mixtures. The DMS interface is only a few centimeters in length, operates in seconds, and can be adapted to any MS system using atmospheric pressure ionization. Drug cutting agents, typical targets such as cocaine, and drug metabolites are rapidly separated by the DMS ion prefilter. Tests demonstrated characterization of complex mixtures, such as isolation of levamisole, an adulterant with alarming side effects, from a 13-component mixture. DMS-MS holds great potential for the analysis of drug samples submitted for forensic analysis.