法律语言中模糊语的语用分析

模糊语客观地存在于法律语言中,并发挥着各种各样的作用。从语用学的角度探讨模糊语在法律语言中的语用功能。     

Jurisdictional Conflicts: A New Approach to the Development of the Legal Professions

This paper sketches a new theoretical approach to the study of professions and uses that approach to analyze differences that have emerged between the American and English legal professions since the late nineteenth century. Earlier studies have generally emphasized professional structure and organization while ignoring work and its control. I argue that control of work is central to professional development. Since work is central and since professions compete for it, interprofessional competition is the determining fact in the history of professions. This paper analyzes the work available to the legal profession, the numbers and types of legal personnel available to do that work, and the various competitors contesting it. Studying in detail complaints of unqualified practice in England (1870–1940) and two American states (1910–50), I locate the types of contested work and the competitors involved, using these to explain important aspects of the two legal prof essions today. Throughout, a variety of theoretical concepts are developed and applied to the particular case. One striking discovery is the contrast in competitors; American lawyers & rsquo;chief competitors were corporations, while British lawyers'chief competitor was the state. I close by evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the particular methodology here used—the study of conflicts—and suggest alternative methods using the same theoretical framework.     

Legal Reality: A Naturalist Approach to Legal Ontology

Law and Philosophy -     

对通奸进行规制的法律进路

现代婚姻关系中男女平权主义得到伸张,夫妻有平等的贞操义务和权利。我国2001婚姻法及其司法解释规定了夫妻应当相互忠实,并且对重婚和姘居两种婚外性行为规定了相应的法律后果,而唯独对通奸异常宽容。通奸与重婚、姘居一样属于严重违反一夫一妻制原则的婚外性行为,对合法婚姻有很强的杀伤力。宽容通奸不利于婚姻诚信的彰显。重塑社会公众对婚姻的信心必须对通奸进行适当的法律规制。     

A Legal Conventionalist Approach to Pollution

There are no moral entitlements with respect to pollution prior to legal conventions that establish them, or so I will argue. While some moral entitlements precede legal conventions, pollution is part of a category of harms against interests that stands apart in this regard. More specifically, pollution is a problematic type of harm that creates liability only under certain conditions. Human interactions lead to harm and to the invasion of others’ space regularly, and therefore we need an account of undue harm as a basis of assigning legal protections (rights) and obligations (duties) to different agents, which creates standards for holding those agents responsible for harm. Absent such positive standards with respect to pollution at the domestic or international level, it does not make sense to hold agents responsible. This fact has two fundamental implications. First, contrary to what some defenders of environmental justice argue, we cannot hold people responsible for polluting without a system of legal rights in place that assigns entitlements, protections, and obligations, and second, contrary to what opponents of environmental regulation claim, the lack of moral entitlements to pollute creates room for quite extensive legal restrictions on people’s ability to pollute for the sake of the environment and human health. Indeed the scope of those restrictions is wide and open-ended.     

On the Incoherence of Legal Language to the General Public

I will suggest, in this article, a possible explanation of the fact that legal language appears incoherent to the general public. I will present one legal text (an indictment), explaining why it appears incoherent to legal laypersons. I will argue that the traits making this particular text appear incoherent are, first, that a specialized legal meaning is conveyed implicitly and, second, that there are no key-words that could direct laypersons to the knowledge making this meaning obvious to legalists. I will conclude that any legal text having these traits is likely to appear incoherent to the general public and suggest that the traits making my example appear incoherent might be rather common among the various texts of the various legal systems. On this suggestion there is no need to assume any causal relation between lawyers’ social interests and the apparent incoherence of legal language as it entails that this incoherence is inevitable. (I will argue that it is a result of the facts that legal language is ordinary language used, in the ordinary way, in the special context of the legal discourse.)     

Legal Statements and Normative Language

Can there be a non-reductivist, source-based explanation of the use of normative language in statements describing the law and legal situations? This problem was formulated by Joseph Raz, who also claimed to have solved it. According to his well-known doctrine of ‘detached’ statements, normative legal statements can be informatively made by speakers who merely adopt, without necessarily sharing, the point of view of someone who accepts that legal norms are justified and ought to be followed. In this paper I defend two theses. I argue, first, that the notion of a detached statement cannot be made to work, and that Raz’s problem is thus not thereby solved. But the problem itself, I also suggest, is a false one.     

Response to Criticism: Understanding the Conceptual and Measurement Models of Legitimacy

Asian Journal of Criminology -     

法律语言技术化与法的现代性问题

追求精确的目标使法律发展出了一套专门语言,这种语言在许多方面与日常语言不同。法律的科学化带来了法律语言的技术化,法律语言作为专家语言日益与日常语言分离,伴随这种分离的是生活世界与系统的分离。语言是存在的家,生活世界存在于日常语言中,技术语言泛化带来生活世界的殖民化。法的现代性问题源于语言的分裂。交往行动与日常语言密不可分,只有实现技术语言与日常语言的有机融合,才能实现沟通理性对工具理性的治理。     

A Genre-based Approach to the Translation of Private Normative Texts in Legal English and Legal Spanish

This paper aims at clarifying some of the most common issues that legal translators have to face when dealing with the translation of private normative texts, such as contracts or wills, which naturally emerge as the consequence and expression of legal or juristic acts in the scope of private law, in Spanish and English. To comprehend the differences and subtleties regarding legal communication between the common law and the continental law countries (specifically the United States and Spain, respectively), we must unveil some essential clues for their translation and application in the global scope of professional interactions, thus creating a process of inter-legal communication, which takes place through the mutual interpretation and application of two, or more, legal traditions. Through the deployment of a generic or pragmatic analysis at textual or discursive and formal or superficial, strata, of two types of genre within the domain of private law (namely wills and tenancy agreements, or leases) this work aims to prove that both the civil law and the common law private instruments are translatable with respect to each other. An important proviso, however, is that their legal traditions and the genres that constitute the communicative tools of their specialised communities must be duly respected and kept in equilibrium, so that one does not overshadow and obliterate the other. Only in that way can the ??convergence?? of the two traditions truly enrich and strengthen national and international legal culture.     

法律援助--模式与机制

序　　言在 1 994年南非新民主政权取代种族隔离政府之前 ,南非推行那些有利于白色人种而排斥所有其他种族群体的法律。虽然白人仅占南非人口总数的 1 3% ,但是他们却拥有 87%的土地。只有 7%的白人生活在贫困线以下 ,相比较 ,却有 67%的非洲人家庭 ,38%的所谓有色人种家庭以及 1 8%的所谓印度人家庭生活在贫困线以下。白人家庭的平均收入要比非洲人家庭高 8倍。①1 994年之后 ,南非成为一个非种族主义、非男权至上主义的宪政民主国家 ,它拥有一部权利法案 ,并由宪法法院充当权利争议的仲裁人。② 新政府所面对的主要挑战是 ,给予大多数以前…     

健康公平的法律本质解读

医疗体制改革制度构建的宗旨在于实现健康公平,当前对于健康公平的法律本质予以解读显得尤为重要.应从实然性角度来理解健康公平,其是机会公平与结果公平的结合;健康公平体现为对公民健康权的公平保障、体现为社会法视域中的实质公平.同时,健康公平法律本质的实现要依赖于卫生服务筹资、提供、利用三个环节的公平性,也要借助法律制度从权利公平、程序公平两方面来予以制度性保障.     

语言哲学与法律语言规范化研究

作为从对世界的本体认识转向对语言本身认识的语言哲学,在语言和世界的关系之宏观层面的认识论上,在理想语言设计之中观层面的方法论上,其对法律语言规范化研究具有无可替代的重大意义.特别是其语言意义的理论和学说,在微观层面的操作上,可以直接指导法律语言规范化对具体语言问题的研究.不过,中外任何学科的学者之所以没有探讨过语言哲学和法律语言之问的关系,主要应该归因于这个课题的复杂性和跨越性.     

我国知识产权质押融资典型模式之比较分析——基于法律社会学的分析视野

在全球金融危机的大背景下,我国科技型中小企业融资难的问题更加突出。目前国内知识产权质押融资渐成趋势。分析了国内三种典型的知识产权质押贷款模式的利弊,并重点对银行、政府机关、中介服务机构等参与主体进行了角色对比分析,提出了一种市场化的可推广的知识产权质押融资模式的基本思路。     

传统法律文化:解读社会危害性的新路径

社会危害性是对犯罪的一种价值评判,而价值评判总是置身于一定的社会法律文化之中。因此,对社会危害性理论进行反思与改革,不能脱离传统法律文化。法律文化的相对稳定性,决定了对社会危害性不宜采取完全否定的态度。正确的做法应当是:吸收传统法律文化中的精髓,不断充实社会危害性的内涵。     

阐明心理理论机制的新途径——来自镜像神经元研究的证据

近10年来,大量电生理数据证实了非人灵长类脑中存在镜像神经元.这些神经元无论是在观察同类执行某一动作还是自己执行这一动作时都会被激发.这种镜像机制可以作为一种联系自我和他人之间的桥梁,参与到其他多种社会认知能力中(如意图的理解、模仿、共情、语言以及心理理论等).目前诸多实验证据都基于一个共同的前提假设,即人脑中也可能存在一个类似的"镜像神经元系统",因此镜像神经元的研究对于阐明心理理论的脑神经机制及其相关的元理论预设(理论论、模仿论和模块论)显得意义重大.文章回顾这个前提假设,分析讨论了其作为心理理论神经基础的各种实验证据,总结了该领域存在的问题并对今后研究的发展趋势进行了展望.     

处分原则之理论依据新论

德国、日本及我国台湾地区学者一般认为处分原则的依据是私法自治原则。而我国大陆诉讼法学界对于处分原则理论依据的阐释从上世纪80年代初到现在则经历了一个微妙的变化过程,逐渐从社会主义民主原则以及国家干预私法的理论演变为民事权利的可处分性,并趋向回归到私法自治原则。但实际上从法学的多维视角观察,处分原则的依据绝不仅限于私法自治原则。法理法学上的权利主体理论、自然法观念与自由主义思想,宪法学上的宪政原理、法治国家与人权保障理论,民事实体法上的公私法划分与契约自由理论以及民事程序法自身的诉讼目的、诉讼价值以及程序主体性理论等均为确立处分原则的理论依据。     

德语世界的法哲学——《德语法学思想译丛》总序

德语世界的法哲学可以追溯到非常久远的年代,然而,其中最具决定性影响的时期是德国的"黄金时代",也就是从七年战争(1756-1763)的末期到1870年普法战争之间的百余年时光.这个时期,一如莫扎特、贝多芬之于音乐,歌德、席勒之于文学,辛克尔、卡斯帕之于艺术,高斯之于数学以及亚历山大·洪堡之于自然科学,康德与黑格尔也先后在哲学上开启了不朽的历史.     

Practical Logic and the Analysis of Legal Language*

Abstract. One of the theses of the present work is that, at the strictly logical and methodological level, practical logic has neither made, nor can it make any contribution to the philosophy of law, since none of the three branches of practical logic that have been taken into account, namely, the logic of norms, deontic logic and legal logic, seems to be theoretically possible. The contribution of practical logic to the analysis of legal language is assessed in terms of both the instruments of analysis elaborated by practical logic, the artificial languages, and the results obtained in two capital subjects, the negations of norms and the permissions.