ASEAN and Northeast Asia: stakes and implications for the European Union–ASEAN partnership

During the immediate aftermath of the 1997 ASEAN crisis, instead of promoting a further “deepening” of the integration process, ASEAN has preferred enlarging its membership and has opened up to its Northeast Asian partners, Japan, China and South Korea. The mounting economic trade flows among those actors necessitates calls for the coherent creation of effective regional structures. China in particular, among the three mentioned countries, has come to the fore with its diplomatic strategies concerning the regional architecture. As results of these recent changes, the structure of power and the nature of the regional system are altering and ASEAN is going through a decisive transition. Taking into consideration the speed of the evolving framework with the enlargement of an East Asian Community, ASEAN would need a new political vision for the region, for the redefinition of its internal balance of power and for the elaboration of a clear approach toward external partners. Crucial problems affect the entire area such as deficit of democracy, wide development gaps among the East Asian countries, the widespread need for economic liberalisation and need for new human and regional security policies. The EU would play a fundamental role in addressing these problems and would be well inspired to avoid considering Southeast Asia as just a mere periphery of China.     

韩国—欧盟自由贸易区对中国外贸的影响分析

由于贸易转移效应,韩欧自由贸易区(FTA)将可能对中国外贸产生一定的负面影响。结合一般均衡模型,模拟韩欧FTA对中国总量进出口、中国各产业进出口、中国贸易条件和福利水平等指标的影响进行研究,结果表明:韩欧FTA将降低中国部分产业的进出口,恶化中国贸易条件,导致中国福利水平下降。同时韩欧FTA将使得中国出口产品在韩欧两个市场上的竞争力产生大小不等的负面影响。     

How European integration is perceived in Asia

From modern Asian academicians point of view European integration is multidisciplinary phenomenon. It is considered as such simply because those educators view the phenomenon from various perspectives e.g. trade and business, economics, security, law, politics, social and other relevant issues. Even though focal points of interest among Asian educators are diverse in nature but they can, perhaps, be categorised into following groups: The first group pertains to economics interest, particularly for those who wish to explain and analyze the effect of economic integration within and outside the EU. Equally interested are those who are active in the subject of world economy such as global trade and commerce. They view the EU as world economic major player similar to USA, Japan and newly emerging economy such as China–more or less as competitors between each other. The second group has a political motivation and views the EU as the most successful modern political integration. Particularly those academicians who wish to learn from the process of political integration, e.g. regionalism and enlargement of the EU. Pertaining to this group are international relations people, who, in some cases, shifted their focus to the EU as a result of the initiatives of the institutions of the European Union itself. They are also interested in the true understanding and relations among the EUs member and non-member countries. Other international relations concern such as the extent to which security and defense are becoming issues in the EU falls within this group as well. The last and perhaps the largest group views the EU social order through the method of comparative analysis among civilized societies. Comparative studies of the EU social structure and its development with other societies may bring solutions to various social problems. This group hopes to discover the strengths and weaknesses of the societal aspect of integration and hope that experiences gained through comparative analyses such as comparative law, comparative government and its welfare system, political economy of regional integration, the true effect of the acquis communautaire, etc. would contribute to new knowledge.     

The perception of the European Union in Southeast Asia

The article examines the external image of the EU among elites in five selected Southeast Asian countries: Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore and the Philippines. Southeast Asia offers an interesting area for examining perceptions. Firstly, this region is linked to Europe by a long-standing and prosperous trade relationship. Secondly, the Association of South East Asian Nations has embarked on a process of deepening integration, adopting certain elements of the EU in its design. How desirable is the EU experience as an example of how to deepen integration? And how are EU external policies such as trade, human rights and environment perceived by stakeholders in the region? The article analyses perceptions on the themes of integration and external polices, contrasting them with the scholarly understandings of the EU as a ‘benign’ actor, notably the notions of ‘normative’, ‘civilian’ and ‘soft’ power.     

Bilateral diplomatic and economic relations between East Asia and the new EU members: The case of Latvia

As the result of historical, political and geographical reasons, Latvias relations with the East Asia are a new field of study. Even though the diplomatic and economic relations between Latvia and the East Asian countries have not been significant, the volume of trade and cooperation in other fields has been increasing particularly with China, Japan and Singapore. Latvias joining the EU will impact this cooperation in different ways. Mostly it will give more opportunities for Latvia to build fruitful diplomatic and economic relations with the East Asian countries. This explorative research will examine the current state of the bilateral diplomatic and economic relations between Latvia and the East Asian countries (ASEAN, Japan, China, and South Korea) as well as clarify future trends, particularly related to the effects of the accession of Latvia to the EU. This is one of the first researches in this field and is intended for those interested in bilateral relations between the new EUs members and the East Asian countries, as well as for those analyzing the consequences of the EUs enlargement on these relations.     

三大区域集团的贸易效应比较及对我国贸易的影响

20世纪90年代初 ,区域经济一体化开始在全球兴起。截至2002年底 ,已向世界贸易组织(WTO)通报的区域贸易安排已达250个 ,另有170多个正在筹备当中。据WTO估计 ,到2005年底 ,区域贸易安排的总数目将达到300个。在众多的区域经济一体化集团当中 ,西欧地区的欧洲联盟 ,北美地区的北美自由贸易区(NAFTA)和东亚地区的中国—东盟自由贸易区可以被称作是世界区域经济的三大板块。一、区域经济一体化的形式和贸易效应按照贸易自由化和经济联系紧密程度的差异 ,一般学者把区域经济一体化分为五种形式。最基本的就是自由贸易区 ,即在成员之间消除…     

中、日、韩农产品贸易争端分析及中国的对策

中国加入世界贸易组织 (WTO)后 ,中、日、韩 3国之间的农产品贸易领域进一步扩大 ,同时其贸易争端也与日俱增。尤其是蔬菜、水果等农产品的双边贸易摩擦日益加剧。面对中、日、韩 3国农产品贸易形势的新变化 ,中国应当审时度势 ,加快农业技术引进 ,增加农产品的科技含量 ,从而提高农产品质量和国际竞争力 ,并采取各种灵活的措施应对可能出现的贸易摩擦 ,更好地维护自己的利益。     

经济全球化下东南亚国家的经济制度变迁初探

20世纪80年代中期之后，东南亚国家的经济制度发生了重大变革。促进制度变迁的动力除了“自上而下”和“自下而上”的两股推进经济全球化的力量之外，东南亚区域经济一体化及1997年爆发的金融危机也极大地推动了东南亚国家的经济体制改革与变迁。本文探析经济全球化下东南亚国家经济制度改革与变迁的诱因，并以新加坡和菲律宾的贸易体制改革与变迁为研究案例，勾勒东南亚国家经济体制改革与变迁的多样性。     

俄罗斯与欧盟经贸合作的问题与启示

在全球化背景下 ,研究俄罗斯与欧盟的经贸关系 ,对改善转型国家与市场经济发达国家的经济往来关系具有重要的借鉴意义。冷战后 ,俄罗斯与欧盟的关系发展较快 ,尤其是双边经济合作在不断加强。欧盟是俄罗斯最大的贸易伙伴 ,而俄欧关系对欧盟也具有重要的战略意义。从贸易、投资及其他经济合作方式等多方面综合分析俄罗斯与欧盟的经贸合作关系 ,并对其中存在的问题进行深入探究 ,对于我们同俄欧的经贸合作具有重要的作用。     

中国—东盟自由贸易区推进策略与欧盟经验借鉴

一、欧洲一体化进程回顾与经验总结 第二次世界大战后,为了寻求欧洲的繁荣发展并避免重蹈战争覆辙,一场深刻的社会变革在欧洲大陆上生根发芽.从欧洲煤钢共同体到欧共体以及最终的欧洲联盟,经过了50多年的发展历程,在一体化的机制和框架下实现了统一大欧洲的梦想.相对于酝酿中的东亚经济一体化而言,欧洲一体化所走过的道路要漫长得多,所以前车之鉴不妨多多益善.综观欧洲一体化历程,我们尝试着作出如下的几点总结.     

全球化进程中的东南亚经济新格局

在经济全球化进程中,东南亚经济发展呈现出新的格局和趋势。各国既经历了参与经济全球化所带来的发展机遇,也遭受到经济全球化而引发的巨大冲击。本文探讨了全球化背景下东南亚经济增长的波动性和同步性,从贸易、金融与生产三个基本层面概述了东南亚经济运行的基本特征,并分析了东南亚区域经济一体化的新进展。     

欧盟东扩与俄罗斯的对外经济贸易取向

在 90年代 ,通过东西欧经济一体化和对俄共同战略 ,欧盟已成功地把中东欧候选国和俄罗斯纳入欧盟的国际分工体系 ,并将最终把它们融入欧洲的政治和法律体系。欧盟东扩不仅使俄罗斯的对外贸易地理方向明显偏向西欧 ,而且使俄罗斯成为欧盟原材料和燃料的主要提供者。东扩后的欧盟将与俄罗斯拥有漫长的共同边界 ,从而使双方经贸关系更加密切 ,这无疑会成为 2 1世纪制约中俄贸易发展的一个重要因素。只有早日形成以产业内贸易为主体的贸易格局 ,中俄贸易才有可能取得较快的发展。     

Global interactions of China and India: Divergent paths of trade?

This article explores the global positions of China and India in merchandise trade. It first compares the integration models of China and India and, thereafter, examines the core factors that drive their trading relationships. With respect to their global trading partners, there are considerable differences in the influence of economic drivers of trade for China and India. Combined larger markets, similar consumer preferences, similar factor endowments and linguistic links enhance global exports from China. Alternatively, smaller market size, discrepancy in consumer demands, dissimilar factor endowments and combined stocks of foreign direct investments drive India’s global trade. The findings suggest that differences in the structure and demand of China vis-a-vis India dictate the divergence in the profile of their trade determinants. Such divergence in trade drivers, however, dissipates when taking into account Chinese and Indian partnerships on a regional basis – with East Asia, Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Latin America, European Union (EU), and Africa.     

Whither East Asian economic integration? Korea��s regionalization cum globalization strategy

The recent regionalization in East Asia can be defined in terms of regionalization cum globalization. In the case of Europe, regionalization was originally intended to create a preferential and protected area. From its inception, however, regionalization in East Asia emphasized open membership and global liberalization. This so-called open regionalism was then adopted as a fundamental principle of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). Given that APEC is an inter-regional institution, however, the concept of open regionalism is not applicable to characterize exclusively Asian integration process that gained momentum on the basis of the ASEAN + 3 framework. For many East Asian countries, a regionalization initiative, especially after the 1997 financial crisis, was a natural response to cope with globalization. Indeed, although East Asian economies are increasingly regionalized, the global market remains crucial and exclusively Asian arrangements are still rare. Globalization and regionalization processes are mutually reinforcing. Singapore is one example that developed into a regional economic hub through the regionalization cum globalization strategy. Given that Korea concluded recently two important free trade areas with the USA and the EU, Korea is also capable of building such a regional economic hub. The first step is to strengthen a cooperation network between the three Northeast Asian countries, China, Japan, and Korea. This network, together with ASEAN, is expected to catalyze the regional integration in East Asia and shape its future evolution.     

EU enlargement and the rise of Asian FTAs: Implications for Asia-Europe relations

  Over the past few years, there has been resurgence in regionalism and preferential trade across the global economic system. The European Union has taken steps at enlargement of their economic community to include countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Bilateral trade arrangements are proliferating in Asia involving the region's largest economies Japan and China. These arrangements mirror similar initiatives in the Americas. These developments have profound implications on the world trading system, in general, and to Asia-Europe relations in particular. The rise of preferentialism runs the risk of heightened discrimination, trade diversion and the fragmentation of the multilateral trade order. This prospect will have a direct impact on the future relations between Asia and Europe. Both Europe and Asia should remain outward oriented, open to reciprocal arrangements with non-member economies, and supportive of the multilateral trading system.     

建立中韩自由贸易区推动东亚经济一体化发展

东亚地区经济一体化合作中呈现了多种机制和路径并存的局面,主要原因是该地区缺乏可以主导地区经济合作的力量和机制。这就为该地区次等力量、次等双边合作关系充分发挥推动地区经济一体化的作用创造了条件、提供了广阔空间,也凸显了它们推动地区经济合作的作用。建立中韩自由贸易区必将激起区域内各种双边关系的调整,推动中、日、韩三边合作、东盟与东北亚 3国的进一步联合,从而促进地区经济一体化发展。当前,中韩政治关系良好,经贸相互依赖关系加强,在地区经济一体化合作上有共同利益,建立中韩双边自由贸易区的条件基本成熟。     

东北亚农业合作的现状与展望

东北亚地区发展农业合作潜力巨大。中国东北地区同东北亚各国广泛开展农业合作,并取得了一定成效,但仍存在一定的问题,东北亚地区农业合作有待于进一步发展。应加强农产品的出口,促进农业劳动力对外输出,吸引日韩企业参加东北地区农业开发并加强同日韩的农业技术合作开发与引进。     

东北亚区域经济一体化发展趋势与实现途径

区域经济一体化已成为世界经济发展的潮流,而东北亚地区(中国、日本和韩国)作为世界第三大区域集团,其一体化进程却非常缓慢。目前,在东北亚地区有两个潜在优先发展的FTA,即一个双边的日本—韩国FTA和一个三边的日本—韩国—中国FTA。根据国际形势和东北亚主要国家的政策变化,可以预测东北亚区域经济一体化将要进入提速阶段。东北亚区域经济一体化从纵向深化和横向拓展的二维发展过程上,都应该选择与欧盟和北美自由贸易协定不同的实现途径。     

Willingness and Opportunity: A Study of Domestic Terrorism in Post-Cold War South Asia

Domestic terrorism, as a form of intrastate violence, has varied widely in South Asia along with the post-Cold War period of global economic integration and political openness. How are these two phenomena—economic integration and emergence of democracies—related to domestic terrorism in South Asia? I argue that resorting to terrorism is a rational choice when individuals'/groups' cost of heterogeneity—deprivation from public goods due to geographical and ideological distance—increases; opportunity is provided by democratization and integration into the global economy. The testable hypotheses derived from the theory are empirically tested on a dataset of five South Asian countries for the time period between 1990 and 2007. The results show that both minority discrimination and presence of unconsolidated democratic institutions increase terrorism in the highly heterogeneous South Asian countries. International trade in the presence of minority discrimination increases homegrown terrorism, but foreign direct investment neither increases nor decreases such incidents.     

中国—东盟果蔬贸易互补性与竞争性研究

中国与东盟的果蔬贸易在双边农产品贸易中占有重要地位.本文选取2000～2009年作为研究的起止年份,首先分析中国--东盟农产品及其果蔬产品贸易现状;其次选用相对贸易优势指数分析中国与东盟及其各国果蔬产品的相对比较优势;在此基础上,用双边贸易综合互补系数分析了中国与东盟整体及东盟各国果蔬产品贸易的互补性;最后总结全文并提出展望.