Community forestry,labor migration and agrarian change in a Nepali village: 1980 to 2010

This paper follows forest conditions, agricultural practices, and livelihoods in a Nepali village between 1980 and 2010. A survey was administered to all village households in 1980, 1990 and 2010; semi-structured interviews were also conducted. Tree species frequency, density and dominance were determined for eight forest patches during each survey. Over this period the population of the village remained stable; the number of children decreased, and the number of people over 50 increased. Famers keep significantly fewer livestock, and have become less dependent on farming and more engaged in commercial activities. In 1980 the number of out-migrants was so few that they were not recorded; by 2010, 29 percent of the adult male population was engaged in migration. Nepal initiated an acclaimed Community Forestry program in the early 1990s; by 2010 about half the village’s forests showed improved tree density and size. Contrary to expectations and published literature, the study found that forest conditions in half of the village’s forests were not improved; and while livelihoods appeared to be better in 2010 than in 1980, they are not more secure as they are increasingly dependent on remittance incomes and hence at the whims of the international labor market.     

Bosnian refugee women in (re)settlement: gender relations and social mobility

Bosnian refugee women adapted more quickly than their male partners to their host environments in Vienna and New York City because of their self-understanding and their traditional roles and social positions in the former Yugoslavia. Refugee women's integration into host societies has to be understood through their specific historical experiences. Bosnian women in exile today continue to be influenced by traditional role models that were prevalent in the former Yugoslavia's 20th-century patriarchal society. Family, rather than self-fulfillment through wage labor and emancipation, is the center of life for Bosnian women. In their new environment, Bosnian refugee women are pushed into the labor market and work in low-skill and low-paying jobs. Their participation in the labor market, however, is not increasing their emancipation in part because they maintain their traditional understanding of zena (women) in the patriarchal culture. While Bosnian women's participation in low-skill labor appeared to be individual families' decisions more in New York City than in Vienna, in the latter almost all Bosnian refugee women in my sample began to work in the black labor market because of restrictive employment policies. In contrast to men, women were relatively nonselective and willing to take any available job. Men, it seems, did not adapt as quickly as women to restrictions in the labor market and their loss of social status in both host societies. Despite their efforts, middle-class families in New York City and Vienna experienced substantial downward mobility in their new settings. Women's economic and social downward mobility in (re)settlement, however, did not significantly change the self-understanding of Bosnian women. Their families' future and advancements socially and economically, rather than the women's own independence and emancipation remained the most important aspect of their being.     

Manning the Fields: Remaking Women's Work in the Tobacco South in the Twentieth Century

Today, men make up the vast majority of the workforce in the tobacco fields of the American South. This was not always the case. For more than two centuries, enslaved women worked alongside men in the tobacco fields. In the late nineteenth century, the unpaid labor of female kin made possible the household's replacement of the plantation as the center of production, and it remained critical for farm families well into the twentieth century. Following World War II, agricultural engineers developed new technologies to eliminate tasks traditionally done by women. In the 1980s, the process of defeminization accelerated as growers began to hire male guestworkers from Mexico as more women moved into the non-farm labor market to supplement their families' farm incomes. The transition from family to wage labor in the tobacco South was far from a ‘natural’ process, but one nurtured by state agricultural, labor, and immigration policy.     

中美贸易战对中国劳动力市场的影响

作为对外贸易依存度最高的经济大国之一,中国劳动力市场状况受外贸运行影响较大。多年来,就总体而言,其它条件相同,出口部门、出口企业收益状况优于仅面向国内市场的同行,收入稳定性也相对较佳,因为前者可以利用国内外两个市场,利用其经济周期不同步"熨平"收入波动。相应地,出口部门、出口企业就业者收入状况也优于仅面向国内市场的同行。在这种情况下,规模巨大的中美贸易战必然会对中国劳动力市场产生一定影响。     

国外劳动力市场分割研究的方向及其特点

劳动力市场分割理论产生于上世纪70年代,是劳动经济学的一个重要分支。这一理论从劳动力市场制度特征及结构特征的角度来研究劳动力市场的运行,主张劳动力市场分割是导致贫困、歧视及不平等的重要原因。20世纪80年代以来,西方学者对劳动力市场分割进行了大量的实证研究。同时,这一研究也逐渐从发达国家转移到发展中国家。本文着重介绍了劳动力市场分割研究的层面,并对全国劳动力市场分割研究的现状进行了总结。     

OECD国家积极的劳动力市场政策体制中的三方机制

积极的劳动力市场政策体制中的三方机制,是社会伙伴发挥影响的重要途径之一。通过对OECD四国的劳动力市场体制,可以得出如下结论:虽然由于经济全球化、工会影响力的消减,以及一定程度上由于三方的劳动力市场管理机构财力有限,政府加大了对它的参与,以致其原有的独立性原则受到了损害。但在制定和实施积极的劳动力市场政策过程中坚持有效的三方参与,从长远来说却会促进社会伙伴关系和组合主义架构的建立。     

工会促进劳务派遣人员融入企业的实践探索

劳务派遣是我国在建立劳动力市场机制的实践过程中出现的一种比较新的劳务形式，也是目前发展较快、问题较多的一种形式。企业工会在和谐企业创建过程中应有效地促进劳务派遣人员尽快融入到企业中，关心和关注他们的人身健康和职业发展，进而为企业带来良好的经济效益，并为社会的稳定与安全做出贡献。     

The Consequences of Adolescent Delinquent Behavior for Adult Employment Outcomes

Delinquent behavior is common during adolescence and may disrupt trajectories of labor market attainment. Estimates of the relationship between delinquency and employment are threatened by selection bias, as youth who engage in delinquency often differ substantially from youth who do not. The current study examined the association between adolescents’ engagement in serious delinquency and four measures of occupational attainment in young adulthood: unemployment, personal earnings, employer-provided benefits, and occupational earnings. It examined the effect of delinquency independent of between-person differences in a variety of attributes and tested whether the hypothesized relationship was mediated by educational attainment, work experience, disconnectedness from both education and work, or criminal justice sanctioning. This study analyzed data from the first four waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), yielding an analytic sample of 14,800 (51% female, mean age 16 years). The Wave 1 Add Health survey was administered in 1994–1995, and Wave 4 of the survey was administered in 2007–2008. The analytic strategy, propensity score weighting, produced estimates that were less biased by differences between youth who had and who had not engaged in delinquent behavior. The study found that delinquency was significantly associated with the likelihood of being unemployed: compared to non-delinquents, delinquents were more likely to be unemployed even after controlling for temporally prior traits and resources, human capital, and criminal justice contact. The results provided more qualified support for hypothesized relationships between delinquency and job quality. The study concluded that offending may result in less fruitful job searches, but once a search results in employment, employed delinquents are not readily discernible from employed non-delinquents in the quality of their jobs. These conclusions contribute to literature on the labor market outcomes of people with histories of adolescent delinquency as they enter young adulthood.

     

‘We Want Both!’: pressuring Philadelphia unions for inclusion and equity during the long 1970s

ABSTRACT

This article examines local labor insurgency in Philadelphia between the mid-1960s and mid-1980s. Drawing on alternative press sources, it traces the efforts of Black, Puerto Rican, and female workers to reshape their unions as stable employment opportunities declined. Across industries and job sites, workers pressured both their unions and their employers through public criticism, running slates of candidates in union elections, and taking part in picketing and wildcat strikes. Existing scholarship has privileged rank-and-file activism among White men focused on wages and working conditions. Enlarging our view to include a more representative workforce at the local level while following workers’ resistance forward through time recharacterizes the rank-and-file rebellion to include defiant, multiracial coalitions demanding progressive reform. That broader rebellion, in turn, challenges some long-held assumptions about US labor during the 1970s.     

二元劳动力市场背景下就业质量的提升机制研究 ——基于 CLDS 数据的实证分析

中国城市劳动力市场的二元分割背景下,劳动者的就业质量提升机制呈现出一定的差异性。研 究基于资本和职业流动视角,利用中国劳动力动态调查（CLDS）数据,多重考察和检验不同劳动力市场影响劳 动者就业质量提升的因素。研究发现：首要劳动力市场就业者的知识人力资本、弱关系型社会资本、干部职位 政治资本对提升就业质量有积极作用,次要劳动力市场就业者通过提升知识人力资本、技术人力资本、弱关系 型社会资本、干部职位政治资本提升就业质量;首要劳动力市场就业者通过主动、自愿的职业流动实现就业质 量的提升,次要劳动力市场就业者通过增加职业流动次数有效提升就业质量;资本因素对首要劳动力市场就业 者通过职业流动提升就业质量不具有抑制作用,但一定程度上会抑制次要劳动力市场就业者通过职业流动提升 就业质量的作用。因此,要充分了解劳动者的诉求与真实就业状况,帮助次要劳动力市场就业者增加资本 ( 人力 资本、社会资本、政治资本 ) 的投入和积累,以提升其就业质量。     

Maquila Workers in Mexico: The Prospects for Organization and International Solidarity

This article studies the changes in economic policy in the Netherlands and their effects on the coordinated market economy (CME). In order to gain insight into the development of the CME, the neo-corporatist literature and the concept of ‘policy learning’ are called upon. The article takes the analysis of Visser and Hemerijck on the changes in the Dutch labor market in the 1980s and 1990s as a starting point for the analysis of the development of the Dutch CME. The analysis includes a systematic review of macroeconomic developments. The frequent introduction of market-oriented solutions is related to a paradigm change in macroeconomic policy. ‘Policy learning’ explains the transition in priorities of economic policy in the Dutch corporatist economy. After a decade of increasing polarization in the 1970s, economic urgency increased and stimulated a regime change towards more market-oriented policy, creating a more liberal CME. In any CME, either new forms of coordination will develop, or market-based solutions will be sought. In the Netherlands, in various policy fields coordination was transferred to the market. Labor market reform was accompanied by supply-side reform and deregulation. The tension between global trends in economic ideas and their application in a CME was resolved by policy concertation (as institutionalized regular consultation between parties is often called) and learning, creating a more liberal business environment within the CME.     

英语教育的劳动市场回报及英语教育政策调整 —— 基于 2016年问卷调查数据

中国的英语教育近年来受到越来越多的重视。无论是国家还是个人都投入了大量资源用于英语教育,如此巨额的投入所带来的劳动市场回报值得关注。英语教育的劳动市场回报可以分为人力资本投入回报和信号作用回报。研究发现,英语在实际工作中使用越多,工资收入越高,是为英语教育作为人力资本投入回报的证据。但在工作中很少用到英语的人,通过英语四六级考试对其工资也有显著影响,反映了英语教育具有信号作用的功能。调查显示,英语教育的信号作用是英语教育劳动市场回报的主要方面。因此,中国的英语教育有过度教育从而导致资源配置低效率之嫌,建议及时调整国家的英语教育政策。     

西方社会保障政策改革的理念启示

从20世纪80年代起,西方国家开始了全面的社会保障政策改革,旨在用一种更为积极的社会保障政策来代替消极的福利给付。这种从"福利"到"工作"的积极政策的改革实质是以一种劳动政策代替社会保障和福利,旨在将失业者送入劳动力市场,以解决日益膨胀的失业问题,减少失业者对福利的依赖。与此同时,在全球化背景下,中国也面临着广泛的失业问题和社会保障体系的建构问题。他山之石,可以攻玉,我们可以从西方国家的社会保障政策改革中得到诸多启示和借鉴,以一种新的理念来构建我们的社会保障体系。     

Sexual Orientation, Partnership Formation, and Substance Use in the Transition to Adulthood

Evidence suggests that lesbian and gay young adults use substances more frequently than their heterosexual peers. Based on the life course perspective, we argue that this difference may be due to the unavailability of marriage as a turning point in the lives of lesbian/gay young adults. We use data from a nationally representative sample of youth (N = 13,581, 52.4% female, 68.6% white, ages 18—26) to examine sexual orientation differences in substance use and explore whether these differences vary by romantic partnership formation in young adulthood. We find that the formation of more serious partnerships (e.g., cohabitation, marriage) is associated with less frequent substance use among heterosexual young adults, though this pattern does not hold for lesbian and gay young adults. We conclude that the partnership options available to lesbians and gay men do not provide the same health-protective benefits that marriage does for heterosexuals.     

澳门劳动关系调整与工会维权策略

澳门回归后,在赌权开放等因素的强力拉动下,澳门经济得到高速发展,就业机会亦相对增多,但经济结构导致的劳动力市场的结构性矛盾,造成部分雇员就业困难,其中包括中年妇女就业问题;行业差别导致职工收入的差别,使得雇员经济地位呈现不均衡状态,劳动关系也因此出现矛盾。澳门工联总会应当充分发挥社会团体的作用,加强维权方面的策略研究和实践,着眼于构建和谐社会的内在要求。     

The place and role of female workers in the Japanese labor market

An increasing number of middle-aged women enter and re-enter the labor market in Japan. This increase in number, however, has not brought about an improvement of their wage or employment status. Most of them become part of the peripheral labor force. The number of peripheral workers has been growing and a corresponding feminization of peripheral workers has been taking place. Furthermore, many women who remain in the household have an interest in working and many of this group are seeking jobs. Female labor flows between the household and the labor market according to the economic demand. The economic raison d'être of peripheral workers is a reduction of labor costs and the adjustment of employment to economic fluctuations. The presence of a large potential labor supply among housewives ensures the smooth functioning of the role imposed on peripheral workers.     

少子化时代日本青年就业的现状和问题

目前，没有工作、宅在家里“封闭自我”、精神“内向”的青年无业者已然成为日本严峻的社会问题。 本研究从日本政府为解决少子化时代青年就业问题采取的措施、青年就业与劳动力市场状况、公共和私营部门 面临的青年无业者带来的挑战等方面，探讨日本少子化时代，尤其是近年来青年劳动者的就业现状和未来面临 的问题。研究发现，尽管政府采取了多种措施，但在现实中，有很多生活困窘的年轻人仍未能被就业和生活帮 扶措施覆盖，无法得到相应服务，因此政府还在寻求进一步的改善措施。而要从根本上解决日本少子化时期的 青年就业问题， 还有很长的路要走。     

The New Miss India: Popular Fiction in Contemporary India

Miss New India is the title of a 2011 novel by Indian-born (now American-based) Bharati Mukherjee, which tells the story of a young woman who leaves her small-town home and family to find work in a call centre in the information technology city of Bangalore. The call centre is emblematic of a ‘new India’, in which educated young people seize the possibilities of a global labour market. This is a generation for whom colonialism is ancient history, a generation who have grown up in the aftermath of economic liberalization in India. Chetan Bhagat refers to this generation as ‘Young India’ and has written a series of best-selling novels that feature ambitious young men in the ‘new India’. There is, however, an emerging genre of similar narratives written by women and addressed to a female readership. This article discusses a range of contemporary Indian women’s popular novels and argues that, while Bhagat and his male heroes may embrace globalization and the market, the narratives written by women are more nuanced in their celebration of economic liberalization. The novels dramatize the tensions between tradition and modernity, family and independence, and suggest that these are particularly fraught for young Indian women. These texts pick up on the discourses of contemporary journalism about ‘Young India’, within the generic form of the romance, but their resolutions are repeatedly uneasy and suggest that the ‘new India’ is not an entirely comfortable space for the new Miss India.     

北京市保安员队伍状况调查报告--以北京市保安服务总公司为例

北京市保安服务总公司的保安员已超过5万人,他们是担负着特殊社会使命的新兴就业群体,大部分来自外地,保安员的工作、生活、心理状态从一定层面反映了外来务工群体在京所遇到的困惑和问题.     

Wage Compensation for Workplace Disamenities during Industrialization: The Case of Spain, 1909–20

The labor market of nineteenth-century Spain was largely unregulated. The first systematic regulation did not in fact take place until 1900, and the measures enacted were aimed at tackling the most serious issues: abuses in the employment of women and children, industrial accidents, and hours of work and rest. However, compliance with these early social reform measures was limited. The enforcement of labor market regulations was hampered by limited funding and opposition by a range of different social groups. In fact, factory inspection was based more on actions to raise awareness and persuasion than on penalties. Economic historians have shown that in contexts of limited state intervention, such as the British and American labor markets of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the labor market wage compensated for undesirable urban and workplace features. This article shows that Spanish workers were wage compensated for the inefficiency of early social and labor reforms, a finding that tends to mitigate the pessimistic view of previous studies about working conditions in the early twentieth-century in Spain.