法官、检察官不可纳入“国家公务员”——对《公务员法》起草中一个问题的几点意见

《公务员法》讨论稿将法官、检察官纳入“公务员”系列管理 ,这将导致《公务员法》与《法官法》、《检察官法》以及公务员考试与国家统一司法考试的冲突 ,最终还将影响中国的法律职业化发展和司法改革目标的实现。法官、检察官的职业特性决定其有别于国家公务员 ,建立适应司法独立和司法公正的要求、符合法律职业特征的法官、检察官特殊管理机制是国家法治化的必然要求。如果 2 1世纪制定的《公务员法》还不能建立在干部分类管理的基础上 ,还不能打破计划经济时代建立的人事行政机关的高度垄断权 ,那么 ,就意味着《公务员法》的制定条件是不成熟的。     

关于公务员职业素养培养的思考

当前我国政府正在向服务型政府转型，服务型政府首先需要的是充满服务精神的团队，公务员队伍建设的重要性日益凸显。公务员改变“万金油”的形象，实现职业化将是社会发展的必然方向，而职业素养的培养将是公务员队伍职业化的重点。     

政府机构改革与体制创新

政府机构改革与体制创新不仅是加强政府自身改革和建设的一项重要任务,而且是落实科学发展观和构建社会主义和谐社会的必然要求。文章认为,政府机构改革与体制创新应从转变政府职能;创新管理方式;依法规范中央和地方的职能权限,理顺条块关系;加强法制建设,改革和完善国家公务员的选拔任用机制和公共财政体制七个方面入手。     

建立国家公务员制度的法律意义

党的十三大确定了我国干部人事制度方面改革的重点是推行国家公务员制度。这是我国干部人事制度改革的重大突破。所谓国家公务员制度,就是通过制定一系列法律、法规和规章,依法对政府中行使国家行政权力、执行国家公务的人员进行科学管理的人事管理制度。对国家公务员的管理不仅必然表现为一定的法律规范和法律形式。而且必然要形成一种稳定的、以法定权利义务关系为核心内容的现代法律制度。建立国家公务员制度具有重要的法律意义。 (一)现代国家公务员制度是宪法精神的体现。我们1982年宪法囿于当时的认识和条件限制,还没有明确规定在我国推行国家公务员制度,但细细分析宪法精神,可以看出当前推行国家公务     

民主政治视野下的国家权力主体研究

在民主政治中,国家权力属于人民,人民是国家权力的所有主体;人民委托公务员行使国家权力,公务员成为国家权力的行使主体.人民作为国家权力的所有主体坚持权利本位是人民享有权利的内在逻辑.公务员作为国家权力的行使主体必须切实为人民服务,坚持义务本位是公务员行使权力的必然要求.公务员的义务本位与人民的权利本位是统一的,人民权利本位是公务员义务本位的理论基础,公务员义务本位是公民权利本位的必然要求.     

公务员退休金制度改革：理由与方略

公务员退休金制度的核心是退休金的筹集与发放制度,我国迫切需要进行此项制度的改革,理由是:平衡国家与公务员的合理负担的迫切需要;公平公务员之间利益分配的必然要求;实现公务人员与非公务人员合理流动的现实选择。改革的总体目标是:建立国家与公务员个人共同负担制度,逐步建立多元的公务员退休保障制度;尽快与社会保障制度接轨,实现公务员退休金管理与服务社会化。具体步骤是:积极稳妥,分类分步实施,并赋予公务员一定的选择权。     

聚焦『国考热』：国考：在炙烤中的思考

近年来，公务员招录考试—直是我国社会政治生活中的热议话题和关注焦点。这既反映了我国目前就业的严峻局面，也反映了广大民众对国家政治领域关注度在日益加强。公务员是国家和政府机构的管理人员，对他们的录用和管理必须要有较高的素质要求，通过考试选拔公务员是我国政治改革和公务员队伍建设的重大举措，对此无可非议。     

以法官职业化改革、完善法官考核标准

法官职业化要求与现行考核标准公务员化的反差最高法院下发的《关于加强法官职业化建设的若干意见》提出,法官的职业化,即法官以行使国家审判权为专门职业,并具备独特的职业意识、职业技能、职业道德和职业地位。法官职业化建设,就是要根据审判工作规律和法官职业特点,采取一系列措施,以使法官具备职业化的新要求,符合党的干部“四化”方针和德才兼备原则,实现对法官的分类管理。与此相比,我国目前存在法官管理的公务员化,法官要和其他公务员一样,接受同级人事部门组织的公务员考核,对法官的考核均适用公务员的标准,按厅、局、处、科级进行…     

新公共管理视野下的公务员制度改革

公务员制度的改革和建设,是我国政府行政改革的重要内容。本文以新公共管理理论为切入点,通过分析它给公务员制度带来的冲击,揭示新公共管理条件下改革我国公务员制度的必要性。     

论我国国家公务员制度的建立及其意义

党的十三大的报告明确指出:当前干部人事制度改革的重点是建立国家公务员制度,即制定法律和规章,对政府中行使国家行政权力、执行国家公务的人员,依法进行科学管理。建立国家公务员制度,是我国社会政治、经济及其公共管理发展的客观要求,是同当前经济体制改革的深化和政治体制改革的渐进相适应的。随着党政分开、政企分开与政事分开等方面改革的进程的进一步加快,政府行政管理系统的特有职能和权利义务关系必将从目前交织混杂的管理状态中逐步分离出来并日趋专门化、系统化,这就需要有一批政治素质较(?)、决策与统御能力较强的政务活动家和一大批训练有素、擅长处理各种专门事务的行政管理家来保证行政体制与行政机构沿着科学化、高效化的轨道前进。而具有中国特色的社会主义国家公务员制度的建立,乃是造就上述两类领导与管理精英人才的前提条件和制度保证。     

Trends in Officer‐involved Firearm Deaths in Oklahoma from 2000 to 2015

The purpose of this study was to collect data and disseminate trends in officer‐involved firearm deaths in Oklahoma from 2000 to 2015. The Oklahoma Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) database was searched for civilian decedents with gunshot wounds inflicted by law enforcement officers and officer decedents with gunshot wounds inflicted by civilians. Five decedents were law enforcement officers, while 274 decedents were civilians. The number of civilian decedents throughout the study followed a quadratic trend. Civilian decedents were most commonly males (95%) between the ages of 20 and 39 (64%), had one or two gunshot wounds (46%), and had an increasing number of gunshot wounds over time. Postmortem toxicology testing most commonly detected ethanol, methamphetamine, cocaine, and PCP. Efforts toward increased tracking by various agencies and more scientific studies like this are needed to facilitate future analysis of trends in officer‐involved firearm deaths.     

细事细治 ——基层网格化中的科层化精细治理与社会修复

【问题】国家治理体系的落地需要微观治理机制的完善。网格化是近些年发展出的一种重要基层治理机制。然而,谁在治理,怎样治理,治理什么?网格化治理体现了什么样的治理逻辑,又有何种后果?这些问题在文献中并没有系统答案。【方法】本文从治理主体、治理方式、治理内容三个角度,采取内容分析法,对广州市某区2013年1-3月网格化服务管理信息系统登记的2091起事件进行研究。【发现】首先,科层化精细治理:网格化服务管理通过设置网格和购买网格员服务的方式,使得国家科层制组织体系延伸到比社区还要微观的基层社会领域,直接处理日常社会中的“细事”。其次,社会修复效应:网格化服务管理是在社会的日常自我修复能力不足的情况下,国家改革基层以“官进民退”促进基层社会修复的一项制度安排。因此,抑制国家权力过度介入基层日常社会事务需要社会自身提升“日常社会修复”能力。【贡献】本文尝试立足基层治理内容探究国家治理与社会发展的逻辑,以“治理什么”视角拓展国家治理研究视域,以“社会修复”范畴丰富“社会秩序何以可能”问题的研究范式。     

Proportionality, Territorial Occupation, and Enabled Terrorism

Some collateral harms affecting enemy civilians during a war are agentially mediated – for example, the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 sparked an insurgency which killed thousands of Iraqi civilians. I call these ‘collaterally enabled harms.’ Intuitively, we ought to discount the weight that these harms receive in the ‘costs’ column of our ad bellum proportionality calculation. But I argue that an occupying military force with de facto political authority has a special obligation to provide minimal protection to the civilian population. As a result, when an occupying military force collaterally enables a harm affecting the civilian population, the weight that the harm ought to receive in the ad bellum proportionality calculation is unaffected by the fact that the harm is agentially mediated – it ought to be weighed at least as heavily as those harms that the occupying force collaterally commits directly. As a result, satisfying the ad bellum proportionality constraint in wars of territorial occupation is more difficult than it has been thought.     

Cluster munitions: public health and international humanitarian law perspectives

As a result of civilian deaths in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Chechnya, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq and Lebanon, cluster munitions have been recognised to pose a grave threat to civilian populations because of their limited precision and problematically high rate of initial failure to explode. Efforts are intensifying to ban cluster munitions and to mandate those who have discharged them to defuse them effectively so as to reduce the risks to civilians. This editorial reviews these efforts and identifies a need for them to be actively supported by both the legal and medical communities.     

From War to Prison: Examining the Relationship Between Military Service and Criminal Activity

In February of 2008 the New York Times ran a series—War Torn—on Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans and their adjustment to civilian life upon return from the war zone. The authors assessed the criminal involvement of veterans by using newspaper accounts and other open source data to identify homicides in which the offender was an Afghanistan or Iraq war veteran. This particular aspect of the series drew a great deal of criticism, in part because of disagreements about the wisdom of the wars, but also because the sources of data used were perceived as less than systematic and accurate. This series and the debate that it engendered raised once again to prominence the issue of whether veterans are disproportionately involved in crime upon their return from service and specifically from combat assignments. The series also raised the question of whether media accounts of violent behavior by returning combat veterans are simply anecdotal or if they portend a more system-wide problem. This paper uses data from the Surveys of Inmates of State and Federal Correctional Facilities and the Current Population Surveys from 1985 to 2004 to estimate more systematically the prevalence and nature of the offending by military veterans in civilian society. The study seeks to avoid some of the methodological weaknesses of earlier studies that examined the criminal behavior of returning veterans. Specifically, the research considers whether criminal behavior, as reflected in the likelihood of imprisonment, is affected by military service, era of service, or service during wartime after controlling for social and demographic characteristics associated with offending. The findings indicate that military service in general is not predictive of incarceration when key demographic and social integration variables are taken into account. Service during wartime was found to be inversely related to subsequent incarceration, while veterans of the post-1973 All Volunteer Force were more likely to be incarcerated than were civilians and veterans who served during the draft era.     

Situational factors and police use of force across micro-time intervals: A video systematic social observation and panel regression analysis

The current study analyzes police use of force as a series of time-bound transactions between officers, civilians, and bystanders. The research begins with a systematic social observation of use-of-force events recorded on police body-worn cameras in Newark, New Jersey. Researchers measure the occurrence and time stamps for numerous participant physical and verbal behaviors. Data are converted into a longitudinal panel format measuring all observed behaviors in 5-second intervals. Panel logistic regression models estimate the effect of each behavior on use of force in immediate and subsequent temporal periods. Findings indicate certain variables influence use of force at a distinct point in time, whereas others exert influence on use of force across multiple time periods. The most influential variables relate to authority maintenance theoretical constructs. This finding supports prior perspectives arguing that police use of force largely results from officer attempts to maintain constant authority over civilians during face-to-face encounters. Nonetheless, a range of additional variables reflecting procedural justice, civilian resistance, and bystander presence significantly affect when police use force during civilian encounters. Results provide nuance to theoretical frameworks considering use of force as resulting from the interplay between officer and civilian actions and reactions.     

我国公司治理模式的选择——以股东中心主义为目标

对实践中的英美公司治理模式和德日公司治理模式进行详尽的对比,指出它们的理论基础分别是股东中心主义和利益相关者利益平衡主义,有其各自的经济、文化背景;对照我国新兴加转型的社会现实,主张我国公司治理应以股东中心主义为理论基础,并以此对新公司法的创新与不足进行评议。     

Assassination: Targeting Nuclear Scientists

Since 2007, five scientists involved in Iran’s nuclear program have been killed under mysterious circumstances. This is not the first time that nuclear scientists have come under direct attack. Scientists are legally civilians. Like the rest of us, they are protected by laws prohibiting murder and perfidious killing, and enjoy civilian immunity during wartime. Moreover, powerful moral arguments oppose assassination policies specifically. Nevertheless, contemporary theories of just war allow for the partial extension of combatant status to civilians who are either threatening or responsible for unjust threats. Weapons manufacturers, their factories and employees, are accorded less than absolute protection within just war theory, and even under international law. Dramatic events compel us to think through these issues of political violence in a principled manner, whatever our particular views on the Iranian case may be. The various moral arguments against assassination on the one hand and the complex status of munitions workers on the other suggest that scientists involved in weapons manufacturing may in some cases be morally liable to direct harm, as well as being legally liable to proportionate collateral damage.     

Considerations on Compiling the Part on Nature and Ecology Protection of China's Environmental Code

The legal protection of nature has progressed from a separated to integrated protection of resources and environment. Looking at nature from a dialectical and unified perspective, sustainable development requires such integrated protection of the ecosystem for public sharing of natural wealth, convergence of governance of environment and resources, and promotion of ecosystem-based integrated management of environment and resources. China's Nature and Ecology Protection Law is gradually moving towards comprehensive governance for protection of the overall ecosystem. We must work harder to make such a comprehensive governance possible. Thus, China's environmental code (Code) must be moderately developed, including choosing the right title, the scope of work, the objectives and the compiling mode, and establishing a multi-level and diverse integrated system, and addressing five major relationships.     

司法职业资格考试制度及其相关问题研究

我国司法职业资格考试制度的确立对于提升我国司法职业群体的职业素质和推动司法职业群体的职业化进程具有重要意义.但从司法职业资格考试制度和司法制度以及高等法学教育的关系的维度分析,我国司法职业资格考试的制度设计存在明显缺陷.因此,借鉴国外有关国家的有益经验,进一步完善我国司法职业资格考试制度是十分必要的.