Recent Trends in Sentencing Policies in the Netherlands

This article considers sentencing in the Netherlands and in particular the changes that have been introduced since the 1980s, both in the adult and in the juvenile justice system. Several questions will be treated in the article. Sentencing in the Netherlands in the last two decades is analysed and some explanations for the changing trends are presented. Results indicate that the Netherlands is following a general pattern, prevalent in Europe and the US, of more punitive and repressive punishment. Also, the extent to which new sentencing options, such as community sanctions have made a difference to the upward trend in imprisonment, will be analysed. In an effort to reduce the costs of the system new policies are being developed, introducing both 'front door' and 'back door' varieties in sentencing. These will lead to some important and radical changes in the criminal justice system.     

Recent Trends in Nationality Requirements in Olympic Sports

Netherlands International Law Review - Sporting events are increasingly political with special focus paid to the number of medals won by a country. To increase the number of talented athletes in...     

英国的子女抚养费法律制度及其启示

根据英国法,父母无法在子女抚养费问题上达成一致时,通常应向儿童抚养机构提出申请,仅在某些特殊情况下才可以向法院提出申请,两种申请所适用的法律规则在实体与程序上都不相同.多数情况下,子女可以通过儿童抚养机构申请子女抚养费,由儿童抚养机构根据法定的数学公式并考虑其它特定因素以确定子女抚养费数额;特殊情况下,子女须通过法院申请子女抚养费,由法院通过制作有关指令以自由裁量的方式确定子女抚养费数额.英国法的有关规定在子女抚养费的权利人和义务人的范围、子女抚养费的计算方式、子女抚养费的支付方式、子女抚养费数额的调整等方面对于我国媚姻家庭法制的进一步完善具有参考和借鉴作用.     

NARCOTIC ADDICTS AND CRIME Analysis of Recent Trends

This study attempts to shed light on the types of crime committed by drug addicts and the possible changes in criminal behavior over time. The study revealed that arrests for crimes against the person are becoming more prominent among addicts although acquisition of property appeared to be the prime motive in these offenses Over the four-year period analyzed, arrests for crimes against property and drug offenses remained the more numerically important categories even though arrests for crimes against the person increased. It was also found that, for each type of offense, more persons were arrested after than before they initiated thew drug abuse patterns.     

东盟国家晚近植物品种立法价值取向研究

东盟六国晚近陆续颁布了以育种者利益最大化为价值取向的《植物品种保护法》.由于除新加坡外,其他东盟国家均是生物技术力量薄弱、未开发植物遗产资源丰富的发展中国家农业国,上述立法将使这些国家所保护的植物品种主要掌握在外国公司手中、本国农业研发受到窒息、本国植物遗传资源流失,而此类立法所带来的利益却极为有限,因此,东盟国家晚近植物品种立法的育种者利益最大化价值取向整体失当.     

欧洲高收入国家的专利维持年费收费标准比较研究

本文综合分析欧洲25个高收入国家的专利维持年费制度,探索专利维持年费制度的激励机理,归纳出专利维持年费制度及其收费标准的特点,并对中国专利维持年费制度提出建议:自申请日起第三年至第六年开始缴纳年费更具有合理性;专利维持年费数额规定较高,需结合我国的经济发展水平重新调整;不完全逐年增长模式在在理论层面上更具有合理性.     

Conservative Sanctioning and Correctional Innovations in the United States: An Examination of Recent Trends

Since the late 1960s sanctioning and correctional policies and practices in the Unites States have increasingly turned punitive for many types of crimes and offenders. This paper examines three of the most prominent policy shifts in sanctioning and correctional policies in the last three decades, and brings together evidence of their broad impacts on incarceration, recidivism rates, specific segments of the offender population, and the court system.     

亚文化视角下的西方警察文化研究——西方近三十年警察亚文化研究概览

西方二十世纪九十年代至今的西方警察亚文化研究主要有归罪文化,惩戒制度和游戏规则;实用主义和经验主义;权威主义和男权主义;共谋文化及团结,忠诚;自己人的观念;悲观主义和犬儒主义;警察餐厅文化和班后的饮酒文化等七个方面。应结合近年来欧美警察亚文化研究的热点和代表成果,对警察亚文化研究的特点、趋势价值进行重新界定。     

西方国家议会立法改革趋势之探析——兼论政府在立法中的功能角色

20世纪以来在法律和政治理论上处于优越地位的西方国家议会，都已呈现出一种共同趋势，即作为立法机关的地位实际下降了。而政府在很大程度上主导、直至支配着立法。为应对此种变化，当代西方国家议会趋于在统一掌握立法最终审议权和控制权的前提下，广泛采用各种更灵活的立法形式。且越来越重视其民主监督功能的发挥，以期一方面强化政府立法的民主保障，加强对政府立法的监督和控制，以协调其立法民主与行政效率的动态统一；另一方面改革和完善议会制度。以实质性地强化其立法审议和立法监督能力。     

The Missing Child in Child Protection: The Constitutional Context of Child Maltreatment From Meyer to DeShaney

This paper employs DeShaney v Winnebago County (1989) as an illustration of how the law has lost sight of the interests of children in cases of child maltreatment. The historical constitutional context of child maltreatment – balancing state's interests and parental rights – is discussed. The opinions in DeShaney and two of the major criticisms of the majority's opinion – the action versus inaction dichotomy and the restrictive interpretation of the special relationship doctrine – are then considered. Legislatively created entitlements to protection are suggested as an avenue of relief for injured children which also necessitates a focus on the rights and interests of children.     

Identifying and Managing Stress in Child Pornography and Child Exploitation Investigators

In the last decade, law enforcement personnel have increasingly been tasked to police the internet in an effort to staunch the production and distribution of child pornography and to investigate computer-facilitated child exploitation. These investigative personnel have encountered a range of assignment-specific challenges and strains as a result of their involvement in this taxing and novel investigative activity. In some cases, the cumulative effects of these strains, together with repeated exposure to highly disturbing images of abused children, have resulted in stress reactions that have commanded the attention of police managers and police psychologists alike. The present article is intended to provide an overview of the stresses unique to child exploitation and pornography investigations, common reactions to these stressors, procedural safeguards to mitigate the impact of this high-risk assignment, and two model programs designed to meet the needs of the current generation of “cyber cops”.

Child witnesses in criminal court

The last decade has witnessed a dramatic rise in public and professional concern regarding the special needs of children as witnesses in the court setting. This study was conducted to examine characteristics of criminal court cases involving children as potential witnesses that were adjudicated through a trial conviction, trial acquittal, or guilty plea, from among cases that went to court in a 12-month period in nine judicial circuits in three states. Three hundred sixteen criminal court cases involving children as potential witnesses were examined. The vast majority, of these cases involved sexual crimes against children. The results indicated that relatively few (16.8%) adjudicated cases were resolved through a trial proceeding. Sentencing varied from state to state and as a function of the disposition of the case. Future research should be conducted prospectively to determine (a) whether cases involving children as witnesses in criminal court are prosecuted at lower rates than cases involving adults and (b) the reasons that cases leave the criminal justice system prior to any court actions.This research was supported by State Justice Institute grant No. 88-11J-D-064. Points of view or opinions expressed in this article do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the State Justice Institute.