关于贫富两极分化与财富分布失衡问题的思考

本文从方法论的角度,对我国改革开放以来有关贫富分化和财富分布失衡问题的研究,进行了评价,并提出自己在这个问题上的见解。     

中国社会贫富差距问题的制度分析

贫富差距扩大引发弱势群体相对剥夺感显化，违法犯罪活动增加，出现了许多社会矛盾和问题。从制度层面分析，社会转型期分配制度的弊端和缺失、非法非正常收入增加，是导致贫富差距的主要原因。缓解贫富差距的根本途径，是规范市场规则，强化监督机制，调整收入分配政策。     

我国贫富分化现状及有效控制探讨

我国贫富分化现象愈演愈烈,不利于经济健康发展以及社会稳定和繁荣。导致我国贫富分化加大的原因众多,有市场化改革因素、不公平的竞争环境因素、政策体制因素有关,社会保障滞后等诸多复杂因素。必须积极寻求有效的治理对策:制定合理可行的分配政策,保持收入适度差距,完善政策支持,规范发展秩序,实现城乡统筹发展,加快农业产业结构调整和技术进步。     

Poor Nations, Rich Nations: A Theory of Governance

This article argues that the difference between poor countries and rich countries has to do with governance rather than resources. In emphasizing the importance of public administration in explaining economic success and failure, the author examines three general theories of governance (organizational, cultural, and structural‐functional) presented in Ferrel Heady's textbook in comparative administration. Political elasticity theory is introduced as a way to reconcile and overcome the weaknesses of these theories and to explain a number of unresolved questions in the literature having to do with decentralization, corruption, democracy, culture, and globalization, using comparative case studies (the Netherlands and Ghana, Singapore and Jamaica, and Japan and Nigeria). The implications of political elasticity theory for foreign aid are suggested at the conclusion, illustrated by a comparison of Spain and Mexico. What ties these case studies together is the heretofore unnoticed and/or unexplained fact that as countries prosper, political power takes on “rubber‐band” and “balloon” characteristics.     

Eating the Rich vs. Feeding the Poor: Borrowing Constraints and the Reluctance to Redistribute

This paper offers an explanation why most democracies arecharacterized by moderate taxation of wealth although thewealth distribution is persistently skewed to the right. Wemodel an economy in which agents have to acquire highereducation to qualify for skilled work and in which capitalmarket imperfections prevent poor individuals from making sucha profitable human capital investment. If these borrowingconstraints do not bind for members of the middle class, theymay rationally reject redistribution although both the currentand the future median of the wealth distribution are below themean.     

中国现阶段贫富差距扩大问题分析

中国现阶段的贫富差距问题可以用贫富差距扩大这一概念来概括,而不宜用别的概念,无论是从基尼系数还是从五等份法来看,中国社会的贫富差距扩大现象已经到了比较严重的程度。造成这种情形的原因既有属于历史的原因,也有属于非正常的因素所起的作用,不宜一概而论。缓解中国贫富差距扩大问题的对策在于实现充分就业、健全社会保障制度以及建立起合理而有效的税收制度等等。     

邓小平关于反对两极分化的思想及其现实启示

邓小平在领导改革开放的过程中始终高度重视可能出现的两极分化问题。他在准确地揭示两极分化的实质及其危害的同时.还对中国只能走共同富裕的社会主义、而不能走两极分化的资本主义邪路的必要性和重要性。以及如何才能真正有效地反对和防范两极分化等问题进行了长期深入的思考。这些具有战略性和前瞻性的理论,对于我们今天在新的历史条件下正确处理改革、发展和稳定的关系,保障人民共享发展成果,促进和谐社会建设具有十分重要的指导意义。     

The Prison Boom and the Decline of American Citizenship

The US imprisonment rate increased fivefold in the three decades from 1975 to 2005. Growth in the scale of criminal punishment was linked partly to a more punitive politics that repudiated the goal of rehabilitation, and partly to the collapse of economic opportunity for young unskilled men in inner cities. The growth of the penal system produced extraordinary rates of incarceration among recent cohorts of young black men with little schooling. We can understand the growth of incarceration to produce and erosion of citizenship among young black men, weakening the web of mutual obligation that defines full membership in American society.

贫富差距对构建和谐社会的障碍及其消解

贫富差距则是当前我国最为严重的社会问题之一,对于和谐社会的构建是一个重大障碍.当前我国继续扩大的城乡差距、区域发展失衡、阶层比例失调等贫富差距现象已经对和谐社会的构建形成了多重障碍.和谐社会语境下贫富差距消解的对策包括:实现对贫富差距的控制、促进区域之间的均衡发展以及引导社会阶层的和谐共进等.     

Prison labor markets: The supply issue

Putting prisoners to work has widespread appeal, but the nature of prison labor markets suggests that prisoners may have little incentive to work. The inmate population exhibits sociodemographic and psychological characteristics that correlate highly with labor market difficulties. Moreover, work incentives are bounded by both a guaranteed minimum standard of living and severe restrictions on the uses of earnings; prison is essentially a ration regime The impact of these institutional arrangements also depends upon the duration of the prisoner's remaining sentence and expected remaining lifetime. Unfortunately, there is little evidence bearing on these concerns, and experimental analysis is proposed.     

Working Twice as Hard to Get Half as Far: Race,Work Ethic,and America’s Deserving Poor

Attitudes toward racialized and redistributive policies like welfare are often thought of as a function of both principled ideological positions and the underlying racial attitudes a person holds. Kinder and Sanders (1996) look at racial resentment as one explanation, while Sniderman and his colleagues look to principled conservatism and authoritarianism as viable alternatives, claiming that racial resentment is merely proxying a legitimate race‐neutral commitment to equality of opportunity. This article engages this debate through an experimental design which tests whether “hard work” is rewarded in a color‐blind manner. The experimental design also affords scholars the opportunity to separate the effects of the two components of racial resentment: principled values and racial animus. The results show that American norms and implicit racism serve to uniquely privilege whites in a variety of ways.