浅议刑事附带民事诉讼制度的几个问题

刑事附带民事诉讼，是指司法机关在追究被告人刑事责任的同时，附带解决因被告人的犯罪行为给被害人造成的物质损失的赔偿所进行的诉讼活动。刑事附带民事诉讼是特殊的民事诉讼，它具有不同于一般民事诉讼的特征。刑事附带民事诉讼中的民事赔偿是由于被告人的犯罪行为引起的，也就是被告人的犯罪行为同时造成刑事、民事两种法律责任。从刑事责任看，对犯罪行为应当追究刑事责任；从民事责任看，犯罪行为造成了物质损害，被告人应承担民事损害赔偿责任。     

量刑合理化及其实现

量刑是人民法院刑事审判活动中一个基本环节，是在依照事实和法律确定被告人有罪之后，对被告人决定是否给予刑罚处罚、对应当给予刑罚处罚的被告人适用何种刑罚以及决定刑罚的执行方式的审判活动。通过法官根据不同个案所进行的刑罚裁量，刑罚才能走出冷冰冰的法条，真正体现其规制犯罪行为的作用。     

浅析刑事附带民事判决书的适用和制作存在的问题

刑事附带民事判决书，是人民法院根据刑事诉讼法第77条、第78条之规定，在对刑事附带民事诉讼案件审理终结后所作出的书面处理决定。刑事诉讼法第77条规定：“被害人由于被告人的犯罪行为而遭受物质损失的，在刑事诉讼过程中，有权提起附带民事诉讼。”“如果是国有财产、集体财产遭受损失的，人民检察院在提起公诉的时候，可以提起附带民事诉讼。”由此可见，所谓刑事附带民事诉讼，就是在依法追究被告人刑事责任的同时，解决被害人由于被告人的犯罪行为所造成的物质损失而进行合并审理的诉讼活动。因为这种民事诉讼是在刑事诉讼过程中附带…     

论刑事附带民事诉讼中共犯的民事责任分配

刑事附带民事诉讼(以下简称"刑附民诉讼")是人民法院在刑事诉讼过程中,对因犯罪行为遭受经济损失的受害人提起的民事赔偿请求,由同一刑事审判组织进行审理,在解决被告人刑事责任的同时,一并解决因被告人的犯罪行为给受害人所造成的经济损失的诉讼活动。因此,刑附民诉讼的裁判不同于单纯的刑事诉讼,除需     

对有罪供述和无罪辩解之辩证分析与客观鉴别

刑事被告人或犯罪嫌疑人的有罪供述和无罪辩解是指刑事被告人或犯罪嫌疑人就有关案件的情况向司法机关所作的口头或书面陈述，承认自己犯罪、如何犯罪、为什么犯罪的供述为有罪供述；说明自己的行为无罪、罪轻或减轻的陈述为无罪辩解。由于刑事被告人、犯罪嫌疑人处于被追究刑事责任的特殊地位，其供述和辩解往往真假难辩，既有对犯罪事实的供述，也有无罪、罪轻、减轻的辩解，还有隐瞒事实、避重就轻、无理抵赖、诬陷他人等不认罪的现象：在司法实践中，有必要对其进行分析和鉴别，以求对刑事被告人或犯罪嫌疑人所涉嫌的犯罪行为或犯罪事实进千亍客观的认定和正确的处理。     

禁穿囚服出庭 改革让群众看得见

近日,最高人民法院召开关于《全面深化人民法院改革的意见》新闻发布会。《意见》提出,要强化人权司法保障机制,禁止让刑事在押被告人或上诉人穿着识别服、马甲、囚服等具有监管机构标识的服装出庭受审。长期以来,在人们的印象里,剃光头、戴戒具、穿号服似乎成了刑事被告人"过堂"的标准行头。这些"装     

试论刑事损害赔偿救济选择机制的建立

刑事附带民事诉讼是在刑事诉讼过程中,与依法追究被告人刑事责任的同时,合并解决被告人的犯罪行为所应承担的民事责任的诉讼活动。因立法的先天缺陷及司法实践的误区,我国现行刑事附带民事诉讼     

关于量刑规范化问题的思考

量刑是人民法院的一项重要司法活动。对刑事被告人能否正确适用刑罚，直接关系到打击犯罪，保护人民的立法目的和刑罚功能的具体实现。     

刑事被害人补偿制度的立法问题以立论基础与立法模式选择为侧重点

世界各国在追求被告人和被害人权利平衡的过程中．大多建立了比较完善的刑事被害人补偿制度（物质补偿、社会补偿及精神抚慰等）。近年来，我国理论界已开始探讨刑事被害人补偿制度存在的理论基础及其施行的必要性和可行性，司法实务部门对此也有所考虑，甚或将此制度改革列入《人民法院第三个五年改革纲要（2009—2013）），但在制度设计、立法层面上仍未有实质性突破。     

无罪推定原则评论

一、无罪推定原则在刑事审判中的地位自国家,法律和犯罪概念出现后,人类社会便开始了对犯罪行为进行不遗余力的斗争。纵观刑事司法发展的历史,可以说,被告人在刑事诉讼中的地位问题,是检验其司法价值目标的重要尺度。而被告人在刑事诉讼中的地位与有罪推定,无罪推定是息息相关的。无罪推定原则是资产阶级革命初期针对封建专制时代的有罪推定原则提出来的。要全面认识无罪推定,就必须论及有罪推定。     

Female Defendants and Criminal Courts in Taiwan: An Observation Study

It has long been contended that the criminal justice system extends the influence of patriarchy in society. Feminist and critical criminologists have produced countless examples of the male domination in the criminal justice system. Critics of law and criminal justice point out that the system treats women the same way as does the mainstream society (MacKinnon 1989, 1991; Smart 1989). Therefore, criminal justice cannot be expected to remedy injustices legally before they are recognized as injustices socially. Sociological studies in crime and delinquency have also neglected gender issues. By employing the qualititaive research approach of field observation, this study focuses on how practitioners in three criminal courts in Southern Taiwan interact with female defendants. The findings point out that the court system was unbending in treating the observed defendants in a condescending manner, and expedited the trial process to pronounce the defendants’ guilt. The study aims to offer explicit and nuanced empirical evidence of how gender complicates courtroom interaction. Evidence from this study also forms the basis for policy recommendations and future reform in the criminal justice system.     

Exploring theoretical linkages between self-control theory and criminal justice system processing

Using Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) self-control construct for theoretical leverage, this conceptual article offers a preliminary framework for examining discretion, criminal justice decision-making, and criminal justice system behavior. Low self-control likely facilitates negative interactions between defendants, police, judicial officers, and correctional staff, potentially affecting discretionary outcomes. Research questions are provided for future investigators to begin empirical assessment of the relationships between self-control and criminal justice processing. As a global construct, self-control could be incorporated into criminal justice models as a potentially robust correlate of discretion, decision-making, recidivism, and offender noncompliance with the criminal justice system.     

BREAKING THE CYCLE OF DRUGS AND CRIME: FINDINGS FROM THE BIRMINGHAM BTC DEMONSTRATION

Research Summary: We compared 137 felony defendants arrested before the implementation of Breaking the Cycle, a pretrial intervention with felony defendants that included drug testing, supervision, and drug treatment as needed, to 245 BTC participants. We found Significant lower rates of arrest and self-reported drug use and crime among BTC participants during the next year.
Policy Implications: Systematic intervention aimed at all drug-involved felony defendants, not just selected defendants, is effective, but may encounter substantial challenges in achieving collaboration across criminal justice agencies, services providers, and levels/branches of government.     

CUMULATIVE DISADVANTAGE: EXAMINING RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITY IN PROSECUTION AND SENTENCING

Current research on criminal case processing typically examines a single decision‐making point, so drawing reliable conclusions about the impact that factors such as defendants’ race or ethnicity exert across successive stages of the justice system is difficult. Using data from the New York County District Attorney's Office that tracks 185,275 diverse criminal cases, this study assesses racial and ethnic disparity for multiple discretionary points of prosecution and sentencing. Findings from multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrate that the effects of race and ethnicity vary by discretionary point and offense category. Black and Latino defendants were more likely than White defendants to be detained, to receive a custodial plea offer, and to be incarcerated—and they received especially punitive outcomes for person offenses—but were more likely to benefit from case dismissals. The findings for Asian defendants were less consistent but suggest they were the least likely to be detained, to receive custodial offers, and to be incarcerated. These findings are discussed in the context of contemporary theoretical perspectives on racial bias and cumulative disadvantage in the justice system.     

Opening Pandora’s Box: How Does Defendant Race Influence Plea Bargaining?

Minority overrepresentation in the criminal justice system has long been an important topic of research and policy debate. In New York City, recent changes in the Rockefeller Drug Laws and the controversy around police stop-and-frisk practices have placed an even greater emphasis on the need for studying the possible impact of defendants’ race and ethnicity on criminal justice outcomes. Relatively little contemporary research, though, examines plea-bargaining outcomes. Using unique data on misdemeanor marijuana cases, this study examines the impact of defendants’ race on prosecutors’ decisions to make (a) plea offers for a lesser charge and (b) sentence offers for non-custodial punishments. Preliminary findings indicated that black defendants were less likely to receive reduced charge offers, and both black and Latino defendants were more likely to receive custodial sentence offers. However, these disparities were largely explained by legal factors, evidence, arrest circumstances, and court actor characteristics, though black defendants were still more likely to receive custodial sentence offers after including these controls. No differences were found between white and Asian defendants. Implications for research and prosecutorial practices are discussed.     

A Criminal Injustice System? Sex Offender Suspects and Defendants

The purpose of this paper is to open up a discussion regarding the potential shift from the presumption of innocence to a presumption of guilt regarding those suspected of or charged with sexual offending. It is acknowledged that further investigation is needed and it is hoped that this discussion is one of many. The crux of this paper therefore is that sex offender suspects and defendants potentially find themselves in a criminal injustice system. Whilst the focus is predominantly on ‘victims’ (usually female) and people suspected or charged with sexual offending (usually male) within the criminal justice system in England and Wales the concerns articulated here are not confined to this context. For example such concerns are echoed in relation to the potential injustices occurring on American campuses. This demonstrates that this is a domestic and international situation and a situation that extends beyond the criminal justice system. We argue that what is occurring at home and abroad has to be contextualised with regard to public, media and official attitudes and approaches to ‘victims’, suspects, defendants, sex, sexual consent, sexual offending and a subsequent shift from the presumption of innocence to a presumption of guilt. It is argued that not only is the presumption of innocence undermined by the presumption of guilt regarding suspects and defendants in cases of sexual offending, it is also undermined in England and Wales by the victim personal statement (VPS). The VPS contains and promotes the idea that there is a ‘victim’ and ‘offender’ before this has been legally established in a court of law. These assumptions embodied within the VPS weaken the principle and practice of the presumption of innocence. The safeguard of the presumption of innocence is potentially under threat and the result is an even greater potential for miscarriages of justice and wrongful convictions.     

Punishment in Indian Country: Ironies of Federal Punishment of Native Americans

Native Americans are US citizens, but they are also tribal nationals subject to complex and unique criminal jurisdiction arrangements over Indian lands. Tribal nations typically have tribal court jurisdiction over less serious crimes, but for serious crimes the federal justice system often supersedes tribal authority, exposing Native Americans to more severe punishments. In addition, recent federal programs have attempted to foster greater tribal/federal criminal justice coupling. Yet, examinations of criminal punishment of Native Americans are few, and most are outdated and/or of very limited generalizability. We examine the punishment of Native American defendants in federal court, focusing on 28 federal districts with substantial Indian presence. Using recent US Sentencing Commission data, as well as contextual data from the Bureau of Indian Affairs and tribal courts, we focus on differences in the federal sentencing of Native American defendants, and how these differences are conditioned by indicators of tribal-federal criminal justice coupling.     

刑事案件"延长羁押期限"问题研究

我国现行的延长羁押制度对于成功地展开刑事追诉活动,防止嫌疑人、被告人逃避侦查和审判,避免其毁灭证据、串供甚至威胁证人、被害人等,都是卓有成效的;在不断的延长羁押过程中,嫌疑人、被告人也丧失了再犯新罪、自杀以及危害社会的能力。但作为一种沉重的代价,延长羁押制度法治化水平也确实是不高的,无论是延长羁押法定、程序保障、比例性等实体性原则,还是权力监督、司法救济等程序性原则,都没能在我国延长羁押制度中得以确立。拟通过分析延长羁押制度存在的问题,有针对性地提出改革、完善现行延长羁押制度的具体对策。     

Rethinking the Boundaries of Intimacy at the End of the Century: The Role of Victim-Defendant Relationship in Criminal Justice Decisionmaking Over Time

I investigate whether the degree of intimacy between victims and defendants affects legal responses to violence and how this association has changed over time. Using data on homicides between 1974 and 1996, I examine court outcomes in more than 1,000 cases. I demonstrate that intimacy matters at three criminal justice stages: charging, mode of conviction, and sentencing. However, moving beyond the traditional conceptualization of intimacy, I show that defendants who kill intimates do not always receive the same treatment, nor are all defendants who kill nonintimates treated similarly. Finally, I show that criminal justice leniency toward intimate violence is less evident in recent years.