损害赔偿额之酌定:基于诉讼公平的考量

在损害发生得以证明,但损害大小难以证明或不能证明时,法院若判决驳回原告诉讼请求,将不符合诉讼公平的要求。为弥补这种因需完全证明带来的不公平,德日等国家和地区在理论上和立法实践中确立了法官损害赔偿额酌定制度。我国引进该制度时,在理论上应厘清概念的含义应为"损害赔偿额酌定"而非"损害赔偿额认定"。在实践中,应明确该制度的适用要件,并采取合理的酌定方法。     

The Neurobiology of Fairness and Social Justice: An Introduction

The study of social justice has always been an interdisciplinary undertaking, but in recent years neurobiologists have joined scholars and scientists from other areas to tackle complex questions concerning fairness, empathy, equality, hierarchy, and ideological conflict and polarization. By synthesizing insights from multiple, mutually informative levels of analysis, it is possible to shed new light on basic biological processes that reflect, inspire, and inhibit the pursuit of a more just society. With this special issue we highlight groundbreaking research on the neurobiology of fairness and social justice, bringing together six articles that address core themes of social justice, including individual variability in definitions of fairness, the genetic basis of economic egalitarianism, neural bases of empathy in environmental and intergroup domains, and the neural and genetic correlates of ideological polarization. Taken in conjunction, these diverse contributions bring multiple theoretical perspectives and research methods to bear on the shared goal of understanding and promoting social justice.     

论诉讼监督与司法公正之关系

诉讼监督是法律监督的重要组成部分。诉讼监督是纠正司法活动中的违法情况．保障司法公正的重要手段。对强化诉讼监督提出了几点意见。     

The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006: A Legitimisation of Age Discrimination in Employment

The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations, which implement theFramework Directive on Equal Treatment and Occupation, takeeffect in October 2006. Tackling age discrimination is seento be a means of achieving a more diverse workforce, yet intrying to achieve this objective there have been compromiseswith the principle of non-discrimination. During the consultationexercises preceding the Regulations there have been importantdifferences of approach between employers and trade unions.The Government has, mostly, adopted the approach supported byemployers. The result is a set of Regulations, which, althoughan important step forward in tackling age discrimination, havenumbers of exceptions which effectively legitimise some aspectsof age discrimination at work.     

A Qualitative Study of Judgments in Race Discrimination Employment Cases

Qualitative methods were used with the aim of identifying any persistent patterns in the written judgments of British employment tribunal cases involving claims of race discrimination that might explain why these claims are relatively unlikely to succeed. The main factors at work appeared to be credibility of the parties and whether the claimant had enough evidence to pass the burden of proof to the respondent. A relatively recent legislative amendment relating to burden of proof appears to be very significant, while other factors highlighted in the literature appear to be less so.     

Measuring Perceptions of Economic Inequality and Justice: An Empirical Assessment

Social Justice Research - How should we measure people’s perceptions of—and attitudes about—economic inequality? A recent literature seeks to quantify the level of...     

反就业歧视法律问题之比较研究

文章分析了就业歧视的概念、表现形式和危害,介绍了国际上关于就业歧视产生根源的不同理论解说,评析了有关国际条约及美国、英国、加拿大和我国关于反歧视的立法规定,并就完善我国反就业歧视的法律制度提出了具体建议:(1)完善相关立法;(2)扩大法律援助的范围;(3)加强司法介入;(4)正确界定政府角色,加强劳动执法监督检查力度。     

调解诉讼公正--对现代自由社会中儒家思想的思考

任何社会中,对因个人争端而引起的冲突存在着不同的解决途径。诉讼仅是由避免发展到暴力等诸多可能性的一种选择。解决争端的多样性以及任一文化中存在的多种社会制约力的选择,使得人们把自己的理想、对自身的透视以及各种关系的特质与他人联系起来。它们表明,人们是希望避免冲突、抑或鼓励冲突,是克制抑或友好解决。在解决争端的过程中,最基本的社会价值得以最终体现。——杰罗德·思·奥尔巴克,《没有法律的公正?》(纽约:牛津大学出版社,1983),第3—4页一、引言任一社会为解决争端而建立的各项制度,其性质、结构和运作都是对该社会的文化、哲学、世界观以及社会模式和经济政治组织的一种反映。众所周知,在中国传统社会中,人们对普通的民事纠纷采取的解决途径更多的是调解而非诉讼,调解的原理及实践深受儒家思想的影响,调解制度迎合、满足了传统社会的各种需要。而这种社会则以小农经济、社会裙带结构、松散的中央集权统治模式以及强调社会稳定而非经     

调解、诉讼与公正——对现代自由社会和儒家传统的反思

调解作为一种解决纷争的做法和制度 ,是我国传统法律文化尤其是儒家法律文化的重要部分。在现代法治社会中 ,调解否已经过时 ?本文首先介绍中国的调解传统的哲学基础、理论和实践 ,然后从现代自由主义和法治理想的角度 ,对传统的调解提出批判。本文进而指出 ,调解在当代的中国以至西方仍有顽强的生命力 ,西方学者对调解作为“解决纠纷的另类选择”之一提出了多种理论依据 ,其中不少与儒家传统的睿见不谋而合。本文的结论是 ,经过“创造性转化”后的调解理论与实践能对现代文明作出贡献 ,由此可见 ,传统文化遗产在现代仍是十分宝贵和有用的资源。     

公务员招录中就业健康歧视之法律考量

就业健康歧视的存在,侵犯了公民的平等就业权.公务员招考过程的最后一个阶段是政治审查和体检,而所适用的体检标准包含健康歧视,为此产生了大量的司法案例,从而引起了人们的广泛关注.公务员招录中产生的健康歧视的原因主要在于公众对一些疾病的偏见和误解,公务职位紧张,公务机关用人自主权膨胀和求职者维权意识淡薄.为了保障求职者的平等就业权,必须制定反歧视的专门法律,明确就业歧视的法律责任和救济程序,同时强化反歧视的政府责任.     

Fairness, Justice, and Legitimacy: Experiences of People's Judges in South Russia

Which criteria do Russians use to evaluate the fairness of their judges, and how does perceived fairness of actual trials influence general beliefs about Russian courts? Lay assessors at courts in South Russia were asked about their experience serving on mixed courts. The justice of the verdicts rendered and the fairness of judges partly explain the respondents’ view of national courts. According to the results, the respondents are also using similar criteria for fairness as Americans or Germans. The social and psychological group effects in a Russian court of lay assessors exhibit a striking similarity to other Western tribunals.     

Ensuring Fairness and Justice for Noncitizen Survivors of Domestic Violence

Immigrant women who are abused face multiple barriers to seeking legal protection from the abuse. In many cases, immigrant women are unaware of the protections afforded noncitizens by the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) and subsequent immigration laws. They may assume that noncitizens cannot access legal remedies or may fear deportation from being exposed as a noncitizen. These and other barriers such as language access and misinformation about U.S. laws about violence further shift the burden to judges, attorneys, and advocates to ensure that immigrant women are not underserved. The courts must also be aware of the consequences for noncitizens who perpetrate domestic violence. This article will provide a comprehensive overview of issues facing the courts when noncitizens are petitioners, respondents, or both in domestic violence cases, including a discussion of findings that can be made for immigrant survivors of domestic violence.     

Procedural Justice in Negotiation: Procedural Fairness, Outcome Acceptance, and Integrative Potential

Two correlational studies test the hypothesis that procedural justice, or fairness of process, plays a role in acceptance of agreements reached through bilateral negotiation. Both studies test the relationship between the fairness of the process used to resolve a dispute, objective monetary outcomes, subjective assessments of outcome favorability, and subjective assessments of outcome fairness. Additionally, the second study tests the hypothesis that negotiations characterized by greater procedural justice result in more potential for integrative bargaining. The results suggest that procedural justice encourages the acceptance of negotiated agreements, as well as leading to the opportunity for increased integrative bargaining.     

诉讼效益：公正与效率的最佳平衡点

在现代法治社会中,诉讼价值的取向是呈多元化趋势的.公正、效率、效益,可谓是任何诉讼活动所追求的"三位一体"的价值目标.但三者关系究竟如何定位?这一直是近期学界争论的热点.首先,公正与效率的关系是静态和动态的有机结合.也即公正是诉讼的核心和基础,效率是公正的有效保障,两者可以说在诉讼价值的追逐过程中是发展变化的.然而,一旦发生冲突,二者的关系又如何处理呢?本文认为诉讼效益应当是协调两者关系的最佳平衡点.只有如此,才能使我们在司法实践中既保持理性,又不脱离现实,为社会提供最大程度的公正与整体效益.