Reinvigorating the Bretton Woods Institutions： Traditional and Rising Powers＇ Debate on the Issues and Stakes

Introduction：
Throughout modem history, the Intemational Monetary Fund （IMF） and the World Bank, commonly referred to as the Bretton Woods Institutions （BWI）, have waned in and out of importance to the global economic system. Created in 1944, both organizations were to have specialized roles in intemational economic govemance. The IMF would address exchange rate cooperation, liberalization of international payments and balance of payments adjustments; the World Bank would address capital investment, development, and long-term project lending. While both organizations would face repeated crises of purpose and legitimacy throughout their modem history, the recent sidelining of the BWIs in the aftermath of the Asian crisis would raise the awareness of world leaders of the need to address relevance of their mandates in their evolving global setting. At the tum of the century, the BWIs were declared irrelevant.     

US Election and Sino-US Relations

The general elections in the United States this year will elect the first presidentin the new millennium, a third of the senators (34) and all the 435 house rep-resentatives. The event will have a historic importance in the annals of the nationbecause involved will not only be the political fortune and strategic direction of theDemocratic and the Republic Parties but also changes in US foreign policy, Chinapolicy in particular.     

Japan''''s Military Transformation and Sino-Japanese Military Relations

Military reform, which is led by the U. S. and sweeping its way to the rest of the world, has now become one of the hottest topics in inter- national military arena. Japan makes no exception. The reconstruction of its military forces, which is still in progress, is concentrated on the following two aspects. One is the enlargement of the functions of the Self-Defense Forces (SDF). Participation in overseas operations is in-     

Changing and Unchanging Elements in the Global Order and China’s Strategy

We live in a world which changing in all respects. Some aspects of the global order are obviously changing. Some of these changes are not yet complete as there has not yet been any essential change in quality or quantity. First, the global order is changing in terms of numbers. The global order and strategic configuration is about the distribution     

Kazakhstan： Impact of and Countermeasures to the Global Financial Crisis

Kazakhstan, a big power in Central Asia, is one of the first countries affected by the U.S. financial crisis. As the funds of Kazakh banks are mostly from the international bank loans, Kazakhstan has suffered a slowdown in the international capital flows after the outbreak of the U.S. subprime lending crisis. In the second half of 2007, many other issues such as the decline in bank solvency, the increase in non-performing loans and the problem of ＂loan stint＂ emerged in Kazakhstan. Several projects had to be stopped due to capital-strand break.     

The African Growth and the Participation of China

The debate on the involvement of China in Africa remains active; here in Beijing and in other fields, specialists of different areas analyze, discuss, and they look for hidden intentions regarding the new economical relationships that China has established with the African continent. From the point of view of an African it is fair to recognize that China has brought Africa to the center of the interest of the great countries of the western world.     

Contradictions and Compatibility between China＇s Multilateral Cooperation System and the U.S.-led Bilateral Alliance Structure in East Asia

The bilateral alliance structure dominated by the United States and the multilateral cooperation system advocated by China exist side by side in East Asia, which presents distinct dualistic structural feature of the international system in the region. These two systems, in essence, are contradictory and mutually opposing and neither of which could replace the other in reality. In a relatively long period of time, these international systems in East Asia will drive the region to and stability in the process contradictions and compatibility. develop in a direction of peace of accommodation between     

China＇s International Vision and National Strategy

The global order was set in place following the end of the Second World War by a consortium of western countries headed by the U.S..Since then,the major western countries have strived to maintain their long dominance in global politics and economics.With the rise of nationalist movements,former colonies gained their independence,and many developing countries joined the UN.In recent years,the economies of the emerging powers have grown rapidly,and they have also joined the WTO.These changes have affected the post-War international order dominated by the West.The West still has the advantage in terms of stocks,and developing countries have the advantage in terms of variables and increments.     

China and Global Governance

To enhance global governance has become more urgent with rapid development of globalization in the post-Cold War years. China has benefited from the process of globalization and hence should make greater contribution to the global governance in the future.     

Military and Territorial Security

China's military security is now in the best shape after the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. For a long time after its founding, Chinasuffered military threats from the two superpowers at different periods and had militaryconflicts with them at different places. Direct foreign military threats did not disappearuntil the end of the Cold War. The disappearance of such military threats is due to the     

Financial Globalization and Financial Security for Developing Countries

I.The Meaning and Manifestation of Financial Capital Globalization Globalization of financial capital is an important phase of the floating and development of international capital. It constitutes large-scale transnational activities of capital and the process for the capital to materialize its redistribution in the world. The process of globalization of financial capital is manifested in two ways: international transfer of monetary capital and international transfer of production fund in…     

International System and China＇s Asia-Pacific Strategy

What impact does a shift in the global distribution of power have on the international order？ According to the views of traditional realists, power transitions in the international order are usually accompanied by major wars, the best example being the two world wars of the twentieth century. China＇s peaceful rise is conducive to the peace and stability of Asia and Pacific regions. The steady rise of China＇s position and its role in dealing with international and regional problems have proved China＇s success in ＂cooperative security＂. This paper analyzes the security order in the Asia-Pacific region1 that China wants to construct to provide important guarantees to its peaceful rise. Firstly, I review and compare key arguments about the transition of international systems and China＇s Asia-Pacific strategy, Secondly, I investigate the dynamics between China＇s peaceful rise and the ＂cooperative security＂ which I think are the collective embodiments of modem transformation and the restructuring of China＇s traditional strategic culture. Thirdly, I examine how to construct a mechanism of cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region to guarantee China＇s peaceful rise on both political and economic levels. Economic cooperation and free trade in Asia-Pacific region is an important route to regional economic integrity which will guarantee China＇s role in maintaining the political and economic security in the region.     

Multi,polarization and the ＂Strategic Partnership＂ of the Big Powers

The international financial crisis has brought about major turbulence in the political arena of the world. The world is in a transition period. The trend of multi-polarization is dynamic and moves along the changes in the balance of international forces. An apparent feature in the recent ten years is that the strength and international influence of the sole super power--the US is comparatively decreasing. The international pattern that is developing in depth has led to contradictions and frictions of various kinds, especially the political and economic problems among the big powers and between the existing powers and the emerging powers. However,     

Role of Media and NGOs in Public Diplomacy

Ⅰ. Background of the Engagement of Media and NGOs in China’s Public Diplomacy i. The engagement of media and NGOs in China’s public diplomacy emerged against the backdrop of the profound changes taken place in China over the past three decades. More than three decades ago, China initiated     

China＇s New Concept of Security and Its Historical Contribution to World Peace

Since the end of the Cold War, the multipolarization of international politics and globalization of world economy have been developing robustly in an unprecedented way in terms of width and depth. As the largest developing country and the fastest growing economy in the world, China is undergoing historical changes in its relations with the world, being deeply involved in the existing international system.     

Sino-Indian Relations: Status Quo and Future

At the turn of the century, sharp changes in Sino-Indian relations have drawn wide attention of the international community. Relations between the two countries, improved and developed since they restored exchanges of ambassadors in 1976, suffered heavy setbacks because of India' nuclear tests in May 1998. But both sides have proceeded in all cases from the overall public interest and made joint efforts, hence quickly overcoming their temporary difficulties. Ever since June 1999, the two nat…     

Geo-religion and China’s Foreign Strategies

The intertwining and extensive interactions between geopolitical, international economic and geo-religious factors have become the major features of geoborderilogy in the 21st century. The essence of geo-religion lies in the discursive power and the power of persuasion to influence popular views. With the globalization of China’s national interests and the comprehensive implementation of China’s "go global" strategy, religion should play its due role in China’s global foreign strategies.     

Japan''''s Economy after the Catching-up Period and Sino-Japanese cooperation

Japan's GNP jumped to the second place in the world in 1968, surpassing that of West Germany. Its GNP per capita exceeded that of the U. S. in 1987. In terms of economic structure and technological e-quipments, Japan ranked among the most developed countries. Thus, Japan had completed the catching-up period and stepped into a new e-poch. The inflation and the burst of the bubble economy is another evi-     

Sino-US Relations： Dependence and Fragility

The twenty years after the end of the Cold War have witnessed a transformation of the mode of Sino-US relations from Security Issue-dominated to Complex Interdependence. Today, conflicts of interest between China and the US can be classified and resolved through normal channels, which protects the roots of good Sino-US relations instead of constantly placing them under threat. However, shifts in the relative power of the two countries, and shifting preferences in their interests continue to highlight the fragility of Sino-US relations. China needs to manage this fragile relationship carefully if it is to achieve its aim of a peaceful rise.     

International System and China’s Asia-Pacific Strategy

What impact does a shift in the global distribution of power have on the international order? According to the views of traditional realists,power transitions in the international order are usually accompanied by major wars,the best example being the two world wars of the twentieth century.China’s peaceful rise is conducive to the peace and stability of Asia and Pacific regions.The steady rise of China’s position and its role in dealing with international and regional problems have proved China’s success in...