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美国犹太人对美中东政策的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
美国犹太人支持以色列的深层次原因 ,源自对这个世界上唯一的犹太国家的认同感。因他们在美国社会及经济领域占有重要地位 ,由之组成的政治势力对美国中东政策具有重要影响 ,但也受到美国总体对外战略及犹太人社会自身发展状况等因素的制约。 相似文献
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今年4月18日(丁亥年农历三月初二),河南省将隆重举行“炎黄二帝巨塑”落成典礼。届时,国家领导人,海外华人政要、著名侨领、华商,多年来支持项目建设的社会各界人士,将莅临出席以共庆“和谐盛世,万龙归宗”为主题的这一盛典。 相似文献
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德国怎样扶持中小型企业 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
德国是世界上经济最发达的国家之一,同时也是一个以中小型企业(指500名员工以下,年销售额5000万欧元以下的企业)为支柱的经济强国。德国中小型企业占企业总数的99%,是德国经济的核心,330万家中小型公司和手工业、工业、商业、旅游 相似文献
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区域机制和区域间合作是联结国家机制和国际机制的纽带.二战后,为了解决欧洲的"德国问题",欧洲建立了包括经济、军事、合作安全等多层面的地区机制,这些机制从不同层面促进了欧洲社会发展、地区安全和和平.基于德国的历史现实、地缘环境和国家利益,战后德国积极参与地区性机制建制,推进欧洲一体化.本文从以下几个方面对德国参与地区性和国际性组织进行探析:战后德国对国际法的重新认知,联邦德国参与区域、国际组织的内外动因,统一德国的区域机制建制观,德国对国际组织政治议题的推动、欧洲区域机制的变迁. 相似文献
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在世界金融危机和欧洲主权债务危机的连续打击下,欧洲各国经受了二战以来最为严峻的考验,而德国却是受危机打击最轻、经济复苏最快的经济体。德国的经济实力已成为德在政治上、经济上占据"欧洲老大"地位的基础,德外交政策也因之更具个性,在欧盟内部拥有了更大的发言权。德国在欧洲实力地位的提升,可能会重新激起欧洲的"德国问题",这将对欧洲今后的走向产生深远影响。 相似文献
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默克尔夫人领导的德国大联合政府上台一年来,多年的低迷经济开始复苏,各项改革措施前景看好;外交上更趋务实,大国关系全面示好,在欧盟中的作用进一步突出。然而,执政伙伴能否长期共事、各项改革措施的实际效果如何,将是对大联合政府的直接考验。 相似文献
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海外维和:国防政策调整与军队改革的产物德军维和行动的产生与演变,是与冷战后德国国防政策的调整及军队的相应改革分不开的,而这最终又应归因于德国外部安全环境的根本性改变。一方面,随着苏东剧变、两德统一和北约、欧盟的相继东扩,德国已从原先欧洲两大军事集团对峙的“前线国家”,变成被友邦环绕的“欧洲中心”;直接性的大规模入侵威胁消失,使德国大批分兵参与国际维和成为可能。但另一方面,欧洲乃至全球的动荡和不安定因素仍然很多:素为欧洲“火药桶”的东南欧地区及前苏联地区被冷战掩盖、一朝复苏的民族、宗教矛盾及领土纠纷,层出不… 相似文献
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Our article examines business lobbying in contemporary Russia within the wider context of lobbying in the decision‐making system overall. It is argued that, although lobbies were an important part of the old Soviet system, the defence of corporate interests was held within ‘natural’ limits by an overriding concern to maintain the established consensus ‐ in the form of a bureaucratic corporatist economy. In the perestroika and post‐perestroika years, however, lobbies themselves took front stage becoming the decisive element in the economy. Easily the most important, in terms of economic strength and political influence, were the various business interest groups, which we have attempted to classify according to their lobbying potential and the channels of influence available to them. The peculiarities of business interest lobbying are also considered, including the as yet unsatisfied quest for political representation, the tendency for management and employees to ‘row together’, the huge potential of uncontrollable lobbying ‘from below’ in the face of growing social tensions and, finally, the disparity between lobbying and other forms of state‐society relations. 相似文献
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2005年是世界反法西斯战争胜利60周年。60年来,德国历届政府和大多数民众对纳粹罪恶历史的谴责、对历史问题的正确认识和处理、对新纳粹等极右翼势力的警惕,都受到国际舆论的肯定和好评。德国对历史问题的处理是在一定历史条件下结合具体国情开展的,外部压力、政府政策和民众自我反省精神等因素互相影响,交织发挥作用,经历了一个对历史问题不断检讨和深化认识的过程。本文就德国处理历史问题的立场、政策、效果、特点以及前景等提出一些看法。 相似文献
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近来 ,围绕伊拉克战争中的德美分歧 ,德国外交界进行了深刻反思 ,在其政策讨论中曾出现三种意见。一是新大西洋主义的“合作性对峙” ,有条件地调整对美政策 ,以“使美国修正其路线”。二是受戴高乐主义影响的“均衡对峙” ,包括建立法德俄轴心 ,限制美国的单边影响。三是紧密跟随美国的“老大西洋主义”路线 ,并伺机施加影响。经过权衡 ,德国政府认为应发展新的大西洋伙伴关系。 11月外长菲舍尔和总理施罗德相继访美 ,努力作出与美和解的姿态 ,德国外交“新大西洋主义”取向日趋明显。战后 ,德国外交政策长期奉行大西洋主义 ,与美国关系密… 相似文献
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Michael J. Gilligan 《国际研究季刊》1997,41(3):455-474
Intra-industry trade—trade in different varieties of the same product between countries with similar factor endowments—has been an important and surprising feature of the postwar international economy. Economists have explained this trade with models of monopolistic competition, which suggest that intra-industry trade does not have the stark distributional consequences that the more traditional "endowments-based" trade does. I do not dispute that claim here, although I do dispute a political implication drawn from it—that intra-industry trade produces less political action than endowments-based trade. I argue that, because firms involved in intra-industry trade are monopolists, lobbying essentially becomes a private good . If intra-industry trade places costs on firms, they do not have less incentive to take political action to stop it, as the conventional wisdom suggests. I provide evidence for this contention from complaints lodged with the International Trade Commission. The results show that the higher the degree of intra-industry trade the more likely an industry will request protection from the ITC. 相似文献
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2006年以来,围绕《美印核能合作协议》问题,印度对美国白宫、国会和媒体发动了一场游说外交战役。在该战役中,印度政府构建了包括印度外交官、印度裔美国人、企业界和美国社会各界构成的强大游说团队,采取了结盟游说的模式,形成了对美国国会议员的强大压力,该协议先后得到布什总统的签署,并逐渐获得国会的支持。 相似文献
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法国的压力集团虽然没有美国、英国和德国活跃,但自其产生以来,在法国的政治生活中仍占据了一席之地,特别是与政府、媒体和政党之间建立了剪不断、理还乱的利益关系之后,其影响力和作用不断增强。目前,随着欧盟一体化的不断发展,法国许多“压力集团”或“利益集团”纷纷在布鲁塞尔安营扎寨,与其它成员国的压力集团一起向欧盟委员会和欧洲议会等权力机构施加影响,以图左右欧盟未来政策的走向。 一、压力集团基本情况及行为模式 在法国旧制度(指1789年前的王朝)中,封建王朝禁止成立行会和行会管事会。1864年,法国民主化的发展使工会和行会运动有了合法身份,受薪者和公务员工会纷纷成立,成为最早出现的压力集团。 相似文献
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《Terrorism and Political Violence》2013,25(2):47-76
On 11 September, terrorism became a much greater reality for Americans and much of the rest of the world. Indeed, that date marks the beginning of a new era for the global community, an era that may be called the Violent New World Order, or the Age of Fear. Since the events of 11 September, the United States has been working to build a coalition against terrorism consisting of countries throughout the world. More recently, the United States launched attacks on positions inside Afghanistan in order to wipe out Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda organization and assisted the Northern Alliance in the overthrow of the Taliban government that had protected al-Qaeda. Given the military prowess of the United States and its allies, these acts have largely achieved their short-term goals. Over the long term, however, the United States, its allies, those countries that have been breeding grounds for terrorist organizations and those whose citizens sympathize with terrorist organizations need to look deeper at the causes of terrorism. On the surface, the religious zeal associated with the most prolific terrorist organizations appears to be something with which the United States and its allies cannot negotiate. The frustrations that drive people to acts of terror, however, are often rooted in adverse socio-economic conditions as well as cultural and political tensions that need to be addressed by underdeveloped nations and the larger international community. Since the deserts of Egypt gave birth to the rise of the first Islamic militant organizations, the Egyptian experience provides a perspective. 相似文献