再论美国宪法的特点--兼与英、法、德、日宪法比较

总结了美国宪法具有四个特点,即确立了有限政府原则、确立了权力分立与制衡原则、实现了宪法的司法化、具有较高的稳定性和灵活性,分别就这四个特点进行了分析、论述,并与英、法、德、日四国宪法的相应方面进行了比较.通过对美国宪法的特点及其相互关系的分析,从中可以看出有限政府、宪法与法治之间的依存关系.     

Family Law,Parents with Disabilities,and the Americans with Disabilities Act

Parents with disabilities contend with bias within the family law system, often threatening their custody and visitation rights. The overarching goal of this article is to explore the experiences of parents with disabilities involved in custody and visitation disputes and the application of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in these cases. This article begins with an overview of parents with disabilities and their interactions with the family law system. Next, the article examines the ADA and its applicability to custody and visitation disputes. Finally, the article offers thoughts about strategies that can be utilized by attorneys to ensure that the rights of parents with disabilities are protected.     

A preliminary study on the changes of expression of PDGF-beta,PDGFR-beta,TGF-beta 1, TGFR,bFGF and its relationship with the wound age in wound healing

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between the expression change of cytokines and the wound age during the healing process of rats skin wound. METHODS: Immunohistochemical and image-analysis methods were performed on vital skin wounds(after incision 0.5-168 h am) and postmortem damage(after incision 0.5-6 h pm). RESULTS: The expression of the cytokines PDGF-beta, PDGFR-beta, TGF-beta 1, and bFGF in the epithelial cells was already enhanced since 0.5 h am after damage and their strongest expression reaction was seen at 24-96 h am. In addition, the expression of PDGF-beta, PDGFR-beta, TGF-beta 1 and bFGF was also found in the macrophages and the fibroblasts of the granulation tissue, and the expression changes in the postmortem damage group showed that the skin tissue within 0.5-3 h after incision showed immunohistochemical changes but weakly expression and 3 h thereafter no any change was found. CONCLUSION: The expression characteristics of the above mentioned cytokines in wound repair should be related to the wound age and it reminds therefore that they may be used as immunohistochemical criteria for accurate determining the wound age.     

合宪性解释原则的本相与争论

关于合宪性解释的研究存在诸多分歧:或持单纯的法律解释规则论,或持合宪的体系性解释论,或持保全规则论;同时存在不少误解。从其产生与发展的历史看,合宪性解释主要是一种规范控制的手段(保全规则),并非独立的解释方法。通过对合宪性解释的两种主要见解合宪性的体系性解释和过度简单的合宪性解释的否弃,并逐步还原合宪性解释的本相。本文在对围绕着合宪性解释的三个主要争论,司法能动或司法谦抑、合宪的法律解释抑或合乎法律的宪法解释以及规范具体化优先权进行分析和辩护之后,主张合宪性解释的存在具有正当性和合理性的基础。     

Thinking the law with and against Luhmann,Legendre, Agamben

After the failure of all enterprises in legal ontology, and after the success of all enterprises in legal system internal theodicy, the field of legal theory is now open to receive a range of more complex, less universalist, less politicised, but also more personally shaped, more fragile suggestions. My article focusses on three such ways of dealing with the law question: the work of Pierre Legendre, a French psychoanalyst and specialist of the history of administrative law and Christian religion, the work of Niklas Luhmann, the recently deceased founder of a new German schoolof sociological systems theory, and that of Giorgio Agamben, an Italian philosopher whose re-opening of the discussion on the Benjaminian notion of bare life and its relationship to law has provoked worldwide attention. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

审判职能、说服责任与“案结事了”

本文从司法审判的特点、说服责任的性质与和谐价值的实现等方面,探讨了它们与案结事了的关系。在法治社会,法院的角色是根据证据裁判原则解决社会争端,诉讼各方必须履行说服责任,才能使法院判决具有可接受性,使争端得到终局性解决。法院作为国家审判机关,不应以调解优先,而应以增强证据意识、完善证据制度来实现案结事了。在刑事诉讼中,只有强化公诉人的说服责任,达到使事实认定者确信无疑的证明标准,才能减少冤假错案,实现案结事了。在民事诉讼中,应当遵循体现和谐价值的不能采纳用以证明过错或责任的证据规则,才能避免善有恶报、案结事坏的恶果。     

The effect of imprisonment on recommitment: an analysis using exact,coarsened exact,and radius matching with the propensity score

Objectives

This study examines the effect of prison versus community sanctions on recommitment to prison and compares two levels of community supervision, community control (house arrest) and probation, evaluating whether the findings are contingent on the type of matching methods used in the analysis.

Methods

Logistic regression was conducted on unmatched and matched samples. Exact, coarsened exact, and radius-matching procedures were used to create a selection on observables design. Matching variables included current offense, demographics, criminal history, supervision violations, and a rich set of Florida Sentencing Guidelines information culled from an official scoring sheet. Florida judges use this instrument to sentence offenders within the framework of the state determinate sentencing system.

Results

The results show that with exact matching, there is no effect of imprisonment on recommitment, while the other procedures suggest a specific deterrent effect of imprisonment. All four analysis methods showed that offenders under community control are more likely to reoffend than those under normal probation. Analyses between the matched and unmatched prison observations demonstrate that the matched set of prisoners is composed of offenders who have less extensive criminal records and less serious conviction offenses than unmatched offenders regardless of the matching algorithm.

Conclusions

Contrary to a prior analysis of these data, which found a criminogenic effect of prison, a null effect was found using exact matching. Comparing the matching procedures, the more precise the match the less likely there was an effect of prison. However, community control was criminogenic regardless of the matching procedure.

     

Comparison of German population data on the apoB-HVR locus with other Caucasian, Asian and Black populations

A population study of 505 unrelated individuals from Southwestern Germany was carried out on the 3′-apoB hypervariable region (HVR). After amplification via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis, 15 different alleles and 47 genotypes were observed. The most common alleles were hypervariable elements (HVE) 37 and 35 with an allele frequency of 0.374 and 0.244, respectively. The heterozygosity index was calculated to be 78.4%. Allele frequencies of this study are compared with results from other databases obtained from a French, a Spanish, an Asian and an American (Black) population.     

求解当代中国法学发展的“戴逸之问”——舒国滢教授访谈录

"戴逸之问"是20世纪80年代由中国人民大学清史研究所戴逸教授提出的"法学是幼稚的"的观点,他指出了中国法学发展的方向性困惑,自此众多法学家将探讨"中国法学向何处去"作为重要论题以求解此问。舒国滢教授通过对"戴逸之问"的思考,对中国法学的发展作出了阶段性的判断:20世纪80年代,由于特定的历史原因,中国法学基本上处于"幼稚"的状态;20世纪90年代,随着改革开放的进一步深入和国家治理形式的精细化,专业化的法律学术开始成长,但以围绕立法论为中心的法学知识生产呈现出依附解释体制的寄生状态,虽然有部分留学归国的学者开始用新的理论和方法重新解读中国的法律制度实践,然而整个学界对"何为法学"这个问题并未进行严肃认真的讨论。2000年—2010年,中国的法教义学进入沉淀时期。这是因为进入新世纪,几乎所有的中国法学者都试图为中国法学寻找发展的道路和方向。而法教义学的突然流行是中国法学到了知识更新或升级的阶段,是法学知识本身发展到一定阶段的内在需求,创建真正的"法律科学"是中国法学未来发展的必然归宿。舒国滢教授以罗马法学为基础的欧陆私法(民法)学作为样本,得出这样的结论:法学本质上是一门教义学,而法教义学本身是一门科学,或者被(法学者们)认为是一门科学,进而回答了"戴逸之问",即中国法学要想摆脱幼稚走向成熟,就必须使自身成为一门真正的科学。     

深入践行习近平法治思想 努力建设中国特色社会主义现代化法院

党的十九届五中全会指出:“十四五时期要为全面建设社会主义现代化国家开好局、起好步”,“到2035年基本实现社会主义现代化远景目标”。在中央全面依法治国工作会议上,习近平法治思想被明确为全面依法治国的指导思想,是推进全面依法治国的根本遵循和行动指南,为建设社会主义现代化强国提供了思想指导。     

试论大学组织、制度与管理的相关性

无论在学理上还是在实践中,大学组织、制度与管理之间都紧密相关.论文选择组织内与组织间的双重视角,通过对组织、制度与管理三个概念内在相关性的深入探讨,从理论层面上揭示了大学组织、制度与管理之间的相关性.一般而言,组织是人有目的的集合,制度是约束人或组织的规则,而管理则是人在一定制度的约束下,通过分工与协调以实现组织目标的过程.大学组织、制度与管理之间的相关性同样符合上述逻辑.