鸡球虫疫苗1号的免疫效果研究

用鸡球虫1号苗(LCV-1)以1头份/只和5头份/只剂量分别免疫10日龄伊莎褐公雏,并设攻虫对照组和空白对照组。2个免疫组在整个试验过程中没有死亡,其相对增重率分别达96.27%和95.17%,而攻虫对照组的相对增重率为91.21%,与免疫组相比差异显著;2个免疫组攻虫期间平均OPG值分别为1.001×105和1.63×105,而攻虫对照组为2.118×105,2个免疫组与攻虫对照组相比差异极显著;2个免疫组间比较,免疫1组比免疫2组的平均增重高1.1%,差异不显著;免疫期间平均OPG值免疫1组比免疫2组小53.08%,差异极显著,攻虫期间前者比后者小38.59%,差异显著。从总体看,免疫1组的剂量比免疫2组的安全可靠,免疫保护作用更强。     

鸡柔嫩艾美球虫DNA疫苗pcDNA4.0(c)-pEtK2-IL-2对其他球虫的交叉保护力

将柔嫩艾美球虫DNA疫苗pcDNA4.0(c)-pEtK2-IL-2以50μg分别对14日龄和21日龄雏鸡进行胸部肌肉注射免疫,28日龄对各未免疫组与免疫组鸡分别口服接种柔嫩艾美球虫、巨型艾美球虫、堆形艾美球虫和毒害艾美球虫孢子化卵囊,36日龄剖杀,分析比较免疫保护效果.结果显示,柔嫩艾美球虫攻毒免疫试验组与柔嫩艾美球虫攻毒未免疫对照组比较,增重、盲肠病变记分、OPG值差异显著(P＜0.05),免疫保护效果明显,抗球虫指数(ACI)达186.50;而巨型艾美球虫、堆形艾美球虫和毒害艾美球虫攻毒免疫试验组的ACI分别为147.85、142.71和153.82,增重、盲肠病变记分、OPG值和ACI与相应的攻毒未免疫对照组比较,均有不同程度改善,免疫保护效果不明显.表明,该DNA疫苗对柔嫩艾美球虫的攻击具有完全免疫保护作用,而对巨型艾美球虫、堆形艾美球虫、毒害艾美球虫的攻击具有部分交叉保护力.     

鸡毒霉形体油乳剂灭活苗对实验攻毒蛋用鸡产蛋量的影响

将30只20周龄鸡毒霉形体(MG)阴性的蛋用种鸡分为4组,攻毒前Ⅰ组于颈部皮下接种2次油乳剂灭活苗;Ⅱ组免疫接种1次;Ⅲ组于攻毒后1周免疫接种1次;C组不接种疫苗,为对照组.4组鸡均在29周龄时攻击MG致病株BG44T.攻毒后通过7周观察,发现3个免疫组鸡的产蛋量下降率均明显低于对照组.攻毒后第7周剖杀Ⅰ组和对照组的全部鸡进行MG的分离培养,结果从对照组鸡的气管、肺和气囊中均分离到了MG,而Ⅰ组仅在气管和肺中分离到MG.2组鸡的输卵管中均未分离到MG.     

鸡IFN-γ重组鸡痘病毒对鸡传染性腔上囊炎MB43弱毒疫苗免疫鸡免疫应答的影响

将重组鸡痘病毒(rFPV-IFN-γ)与IBD MB43弱毒疫苗联合接种SPF鸡,研究重组鸡IFN-γ对IBD疫苗免疫效果的影响.结果显示,rFPV-IFN-γ和MB43弱毒疫苗联合免疫组(MB43+rFPV-IFN-γ)及rIFN-γ和MB43弱毒疫苗联合免疫组(MB43+rIFN-γ)在免疫后第2周即可检出ELISA抗体,比MB43疫苗单独免疫组早1周.用IBDV Gx株攻击后,MB43+rFPV-IFN-γ组和MB43+rIFN-γ组免疫鸡的脾只有个别淋巴细胞核浓缩、核崩解,少数滤泡萎缩变性坏死;胸腺损伤程度轻于MB43疫苗单独免疫组和非免疫对照组.免疫后1周,3个免疫组外周血CD8+T淋巴细胞含量均显著高于非免疫对照组,CD4+T淋巴细胞含量变化不明显;攻毒后第2周,3个疫苗免疫组CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞含量均显著升高,各组之间CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞含量无明显差异.证实,rFPV-IFN-γ和rIFN-γ可加强疫苗的细胞免疫和体液免疫应答.     

鸡新城疫油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫效果的研究

本试验根据国内外学者的有关研究,自制了鸡新城疫油乳剂灭活疫苗(简称油苗),油苗与Ⅱ系或Ⅳ系弱毒疫苗同时应用于带母源抗体的1日龄雏鸡,较好地克服了母源抗体的干扰,获得了理想的免疫效果。Ⅱ系 油苗组免疫后60日龄内,Ⅳ系 油苗组免疫后90日龄内,HI抗体效价在4 log_2 X以上,攻毒保护率为100％;Ⅱ系 油苗组免疫后90日龄,HI效价为3 log2 X,攻毒保护率为80％,其免疫效果远远高于油苗单独免疫及Ⅱ系疫苗对1日龄或9日龄雏鸡的免疫。在农村推广应用油苗与弱毒疫苗同时免疫孵坊内的1日龄雏鸡,可避免雏鸡因母源抗体水平高低悬殊而造成的单用弱毒疫苗的初免失败,又克服了在7～15日龄时,鸡己分散到千家万户,使免疫很难进行的缺点。既提高了免疫密度,又提高了免疫效果。油苗对经免青年鸡及成年鸡的免疫,其HI抗体效价高于Ⅰ系弱毒疫苗免疫鸡3～4个倍比滴度,且能在较长时间内处于高免疫水平状态。免疫后390天,HI效价还在4 1og_2X以上,攻毒保护率100％。疫苗原胚液经4～40倍稀释后制成油苗,免疫鸡仍能达到或超过Ⅰ系疫苗的免疫水平。     

禽流感H9亚型灭活油乳剂疫苗不同剂量的免疫效果比较

将 4 7只 2 8日龄SPF鸡分为 4组 ,第 1～ 3组为试验组 ,每组 12只 ,分别肌肉注射禽流感H9亚型灭活油乳剂疫苗 0 .1、0 .3、0 .5mL/只 ,第 4组 11只为对照组。各组鸡在免疫后 1、2、3周采血 ,测定H9抗体水平 ;在免疫后 3周用 1∶10稀释的AIV H9N2攻毒 ,0 .2mL/只。攻毒后第2、3、4周继续测定H9抗体水平 ,观察了疫苗对鸡的保护效果。结果显示 ,0 .5mL/只剂量的免疫效果比 0 .1mL/只和 0 .3mL/只剂量的免疫效果好 ;攻毒用的AIV H9N2的致病力低 ,对所有试验鸡均不致死。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病组织培养弱毒疫苗研究

本试验用鸡传染性法氏囊病(IBD)Lukert弱毒株(国外引进),经鸡成纤维细胞培养并制成疫苗。培养物效价约为10~(-7)。从第7代培养物中检出约为60nm呈圆形或六角形的病毒颗粒。注射1个刘量疫苗于1日龄鸡皮下,3～5周龄时攻毒,其保护率为100％;7周龄攻毒,其保护率为80％;3周龄再饮水免疫,10周龄攻毒,其保护率为100％;4周龄1次饮水免疫,隔3～4周攻毒,其保护率为90％以上。用苗以后14天起血清中多数可测出抗体。用1.0个或20个免疫剂量分别免疫1日龄和24日龄鸡,不出现症状和病变。疫苗毒经鸡体快速传5代不返强。本疫苗免疫1日龄至1月龄鸡时,用鸡新城疫苗免疫不产生免疫抑制,而且使用方便,1日龄鸡可混合于马立克氏病疫苗同时注射。本疫苗已应用于10多万羽鸡,安全效果良好。     

重组鸡痘病毒表达的鸡IL-1β和IL-2以及cMGF对新城疫LaSota疫苗免疫效果的影响

将128只10日龄SPF鸡随机分成8组,每只免疫1 PD_(50)的新城疫LaSota疫苗；同时Ⅰ～Ⅵ组鸡分别皮下注射不同剂量的重组鸡痘病毒rFPV-IL-1β、rFPV-IL-2或cMGF,而Ⅶ组和Ⅷ组鸡分别皮下注射鸡痘病毒wt-FPV和PBS作为阴性对照和空白对照。结果,重组鸡痘病毒表达的IL-1β、IL-2或cMGF可以消除鸡痘病毒在免疫后第7d对雏鸡体重增长的影响；一定剂量的IL-1β和IL-2可使鸡脾中CD4~ T细胞在免疫后第7d和CD8~ T细胞在免疫后第14d的总体水平提高；免疫第21d新城疫F48E8强毒攻毒后,一定剂量的IL-1β和IL-2能提高免疫保护率,而cMGF却无此作用。结果表明,重组鸡痘病毒表达的IL-1β和IL-2在一定剂量下可增强新城疫LaSota疫苗的免疫效果。     

增益素对免疫鸡体液免疫功能的影响

以雏鸡为试验动物模型 ,研究增益素对免疫鸡体液免疫功能的影响。试验鸡分为饲喂增益素和不饲喂增益素 2组。分别于接种前 (0d)、接种后 3、10、15、2 1和 2 7d测定鸡新城疫HI抗体效价 ;接种后 2 8d进行攻毒保护试验 ,统计各组鸡的发病率和死亡率。结果表明 ,增益素对疫苗免疫鸡体液免疫功能有明显的增强作用。     

猪传染性胸膜肺炎重组亚单位疫苗保护效果的评价及其免疫机制的研究

分别表达了rApxⅠr、ApxⅡr、ApxⅢ、rApxⅣr、Apfa和rOMP 6种重组蛋白,以不同组合分组免疫小鼠,分别以APP1型菌(5×109CFU)和APP7型菌(1×1011CFU)进行攻毒。结果显示,试验Ⅱ组(rApxⅠ rApxⅡ rApxⅢ rOMP)的APXⅠ抗体水平、细胞免疫水平及对APP1和APP7型菌的保护效果均显著高于其他各试验组及对照组;试验Ⅰ组(灭活疫苗)、Ⅲ组(rApxⅠ rApxⅡ rApxⅢ rApxⅣ)、Ⅳ组(rApxⅠ rApxⅡ rApxⅢ rApfa)与对照组差异显著,但均显著低于试验Ⅱ组;APXⅠ抗体水平和细胞免疫水平与攻毒保护率呈正相关。证实rApxⅠ rApxⅡ rApxⅢ rOMP组免疫效果最好,可对2个血清型APP的攻击提供有效保护。     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.