论视频监控的犯罪预防功能及犯罪侦查价值

各国的犯罪预防理论发展至今,已经形成了比较完善的犯罪预防体系,主要包括司法预防、社会预防和情景预防三种模式。在我国的犯罪预防体系中,向来重视司法预防和社会预防,而对情景预防关注不够,情景预防措施尚不完善。作为一种对犯罪的干预,视频监控是一种对情境犯罪的干预,研究发掘其在犯罪预防中的作用对完善犯罪预防体系具有重要意义。同时,视频监控系统在犯罪侦查方面也具有重要作用。     

犯罪侦防中视频监控存在问题及其法律规制

现代科学技术飞速发展,信息化手段应用于社会管理中已成为常态。现代警务工作中,视频监控系统已经成为公安机关维护社会稳定、侦查和预防犯罪案件的重要手段,但在视频监控为公安工作带来便利的同时,其系统监管乱象、个人信息泄露、法律严重缺位等问题逐渐暴露,直接侵害到公民权益。本文通过分析犯罪侦防过程中视频监控使用时存在的现实和法律问题,提出对视频监控法律规制的具体措施,以期为规范视频监控的使用提供理论基础。     

视频侦查研究进展与未来展望——基于598篇视频侦查相关论文的知识图谱分析

视频侦查被誉为第四种侦查破案支撑手段。通过NoteExpress和Excel对近年来国内598篇视频侦查相关论文生成知识图谱,分析关键词、论文作者、年度发文、期刊与论文所占版面,对重点期刊收录论文进行个案分析,梳理视频侦查研究的国内进展情况。经分析,视频侦查研究主要方向集中在侦查应用、证据规范性与法律规制、视频监控相关技术、视频侦查课程建设与人才培养等。在此基础上,结合视频侦查在实践中的发展趋势,提出未来视频侦查研究方向可聚焦于法律规制、视频新技术运用规范化、视频侦查与智慧警务关系及融合、视频线索的证据转化等方面。     

诱惑侦查的理性分析——从一起贩卖毒品案谈起

诱惑侦查作为一种特殊侦查手段,在打击各种严重的社会犯罪尤其是毒品犯罪中发挥着不可替代的作用。诱惑侦查在我国的犯罪侦查理论研究上是一个新的领域,由于缺乏指导和规范此类侦查活动的程序规定和证据规则,对其在实践中的运用就存在着不可忽视的问题并面临着严峻的挑战。通过诱惑侦查手段获得的证据的采用应当符合现代法治的精神和法律的原则。诱惑侦查作为秘密侦查手段应当法制化,并且针对其在实践中面临的问题也要相应的予以必要的规制。     

瞒天过海:侦查经济犯罪案件的方略

反贪污贿赂是正义祛除邪恶的斗争，也是智谋与狡诈的角逐；犯罪侦查是法律形式的政治斗争、对敌斗争，是深邃的智慧活动。“三十六计”荟萃了兵家韬略，取克敌制胜之精华，是用智用谋的经典，经历代而不衰。这正是侦查犯罪所需的，为侦查理论所推崇。这一点对于侦查贪污、贿赂等高智能犯罪尤为重要。深信随着反贪污贿赂斗争的深入开展和侦查技能的不断提高，“三十六计”将会在犯罪侦查中得到广泛运用。本文发掘中华民族历史文化遗产，借鉴“三十六计”中“瞒天过海”的谋略，结合贪污、贿赂犯罪侦查的理论和实践，阐述了贪污、贿赂犯罪侦查…     

刍议特殊侦查手段——秘密监控

特殊侦查手段——秘密监控,如电话监听、手机定位、窃听、普通邮件与电子邮件的检查、监视、跟踪、密拍密录等作为查清犯罪事实的一种重要的犯罪侦查形式,已经在各国的刑事侦查实践中得到了广泛的运用。随着现代社会犯罪形式的日趋智能化、多样化,传统的侦查方式显得有些力不从心,秘密监控的优势较为明显。国外的立法与实践均赋予秘密监控合法地位,承认秘密监控作为侦查的一种重要手段,同时也予以一定的限制。我国立法几乎没有关于秘密监控的规定,应该予以立法完善。     

论街面犯罪的特点及侦查对策

当前,我国社会型态逐渐由静态社会向动态社会转变。街头犯罪这一新的犯罪形态也呈现上升势头。街头犯罪的特点是:发案高、报案少、犯罪黑数高,作案人员以流动人口为主,作案过程短、逃离现场快、跨区域作案,人员流动性大、调查取证相对困难。安机关需要探索建立以街面犯罪情报信息为基础,由情报信息主导侦查,综合运用巡逻堵截、视频图像监控、便衣侦查、专案侦查、专项斗争、公开悬赏等侦查措施相互协调而形成的侦查对策体系。     

论诱惑侦查的合法性及其规制

随着各类新型犯罪的不断出现,诱惑侦查这种历史悠久且被许多国家法律认可,被世界各国侦查部门广泛应用的侦查手段,在我国的侦查实践中也逐渐增多。从我国司法理论与实践看,这是一个颇有争议的问题,其焦点就在于诱惑侦查手段的合法性问题以及对被诱惑犯罪者的罪责问题。这些争论反映了运用这一侦查手段所暴露出的问题,同时也反映出我国法制建设的进步和人们要求将侦查活动严格纳入法制轨道的呼声。鉴于我国法律尚未对此做出规定,为了使这一侦查手段得到广泛而合理的应用,有必要对诱惑侦查的合法性及法律规制进行探讨,以指导侦查实践。     

同一认定理论的几个问题

同一认定理论的几个问题蔡杰同一认定是犯罪侦查学中的一个基本理论，它贯穿于整个犯罪侦查的各个环节，对司法鉴定显得更为重要。在法律工作中，无论是侦查、起诉，还是审判均要运用同一认定理论，但对同一认定理论中的一些问题，目前还存在分歧，争论较多。本文仅就其中...     

有效发挥视频监控系统作用应注意的几个问题

视频监控系统已逐渐成为各级公安机关侦查破案、治安防控新的增长点。本文通过阐述视频监控系统在公安工作中的作用,分析了当前视频监控系统建设和应用中应注意的几个重要问题,提出了解决这些问题的几点对策。     

Measuring the crime displacement and diffusion of benefit effects of open-street CCTV in South Korea

Crime prevention strategies are implemented to reduce the damage caused by crimes with CCTV (Closed-Circuit Television) being broadly accepted as one of the main strategies. However, along with CCTV's perceived high expectations as crime deterrent, there is also a growing controversy over CCTV's potentially unexpected limitations. For example, the crime displacement (the presence of CCTV will change the locations of crime and its total number will not change) and the diffusion effects of crime control benefits (the crime prevention effect of CCTV may filter through to neighboring areas) are the representative controversial issues. In this study, we aimed to verify the crime displacement and the diffusion of benefit of open-street CCTV by analyzing the crime tendencies empirically.Gwang Myeong City in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea was chosen to analyze the crime displacement using the WDQ (Weighted Displacement Quotient) which compares the crime tendency of a location with that of its neighboring areas. The results showed that the crime prevention effect of the CCTV was significant. The number of robberies and thefts in the areas with CCTV installed reduced by 47.4%, while the areas without CCTV showed practically no change in the number of crimes. The crime displacement caused by the CCTV was not either found or inconsequential, and the crime rates in the neighboring areas also decreased slightly. Of major cause for concern was the fact that CCTV was marginally effective in deterring violence and as such, there should be a more detailed scientific analysis of the pattern and type of crimes committed in an area where CCTV's are being installed.     

Analyzing the Influence of Micro-Level Factors on CCTV Camera Effect

Objectives

Despite the popularity of closed circuit television (CCTV), evidence of its crime prevention capabilities is inconclusive. Research has largely reported CCTV effect as “mixed” without explaining this variance. The current study contributes to the literature by testing the influence of several micro-level factors on changes in crime levels within CCTV areas of Newark, NJ.

Methods

Viewsheds, denoting the line-of-sight of CCTV cameras, were units of analysis (N = 117). Location quotients, controlling for viewshed size and control-area crime incidence, measured changes in the levels of six crime categories, from the pre-installation period to the post-installation period. Ordinary least squares regression models tested the influence of specific micro-level factors—environmental features, camera line-of-sight, enforcement activity, and camera design—on each crime category.

Results

First, the influence of environmental features differed across crime categories, with specific environs being related to the reduction of certain crimes and the increase of others. Second, CCTV-generated enforcement was related to the reduction of overall crime, violent crime and theft-from-auto. Third, obstructions to CCTV line-of-sight caused by immovable objects were related to increased levels of auto theft and decreased levels of violent crime, theft from auto and robbery.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that CCTV operations should be designed in a manner that heightens their deterrent effect. Specifically, police should account for the presence of crime generators/attractors and ground-level obstructions when selecting camera sites, and design the operational strategy in a manner that generates maximum levels of enforcement.     

The impact of CCTV on fundamental rights and crime prevention strategies: The case of the Catalan Control Commission of Video surveillance Devices

Many authors have written about issues related to privacy, legitimacy and efficiency in relation to CCTV systems in public space as a crime prevention strategy. Some have approached them separately; others have tried to come up with more comprehensive approaches. Few, however, have dealt with how such concerns have been put into practice by those who have to decide on the uptake of CCTV. This article considers some reflections on efficacy, legitimacy and privacy in relation to CCTV, as an introduction to the case of how the members of the Control Commission of Video surveillance Devices in Catalonia took these issues into consideration and interpreted the Law when deciding whether to approve a petition submitted by the City Council to install three cameras in Barcelona’s public space in 2003. It concludes by drawing some conclusions from the process, as a way to highlight the complexity of the policy process around surveillance in open, public spaces.     

论和谐社会构建中警察的犯罪防控角色

构建和谐社会成为时代的主题，防控犯罪是警察组织在推动和谐社会构建中的主要职责之一。但在社会综合治理的犯罪防控体系中，警察组织如何发挥特有的专业化作用、如何与其他社会组织共同协作，如何在多元化的犯罪防控主体中定位好自己的角色也是保证犯罪防控体系整体和谐需要思考的问题。     

美国犯罪预防新思维之与贼易位思考

美国犯罪预防领域出现了一种新思维,即与贼易位思考。为使工作富有成效,犯罪分子知道的,警察至少也应该知道。一个高效率的犯罪预防警官必须在犯罪、威胁因素和解决方案等宽广的领域里知识渊博,见多识广。获悉罪犯怎么作案是预防他们犯罪的最基本的方法,像贼一样思考问题是预防犯罪的根本。     

Toward the safety society: Police agencies and environmental planning

The authors of this paper outline one approach to crime prevention which has recently become available - participation by police agencies in the environmental planning process. Two environmental management devices, the environmental impact assessment process and the general plan, are described and opportunities for police agency involvement are detailed. The contribution of public safety personnel to environmental management is seen as residing in two areas: precicting the effects of a project on the demand for police services, and suggesting ways in which a project may be designed with a view to the prevention of crime. In the latter context, the literature in environmental design and environmental psychology is reviewed for findings relevant to the creation of a safe environment.     

The relationship between antisocial stereotypes and public CCTV systems: exploring fear of crime in the modern surveillance society

Abstract

Situational crime deterrence measures like CCTV are not always associated with reductions in fear of crime. This study explores this unexpected finding by investigating the interaction between target type and the presence of a CCTV camera, in order to test the effect this has on impressions of the target and corresponding fear of the location the target was shown in. Participants (n=120) were shown either a picture of a male ‘skinhead’, a ‘studious’ female, or no one within an urban setting in which an obvious CCTV camera was either present or absent. Participants then rated the scene using scales estimating crime frequency, worry and target activity. Estimates of location safety fell for the male ‘skinhead’ target and activity impressions were more negative, but only when a CCTV camera was also present. Ironically, in some circumstances, public crime deterrence measures may prime pre-existing negative stereotypes about others and so foster suspicion, undermine trust in others, and increase fear of crime.     

Tennessee Citizen Police Academies: Program and Participant Characteristics

Citizen police academies (CPAs) are popular programs developed by police departments with the twin goals of educating the public about law enforcement and improving police-community relationships. Citizen police academies can help law enforcement agencies by providing them with graduates who may support police departments through volunteering, crime reporting, advocacy, and crime prevention. CPAs may aid citizens by providing them with opportunities to work with the police to make their communities safer. During the course of the citizen police academy, not only will participants have opportunities to learn more about the police depar'tment and their communities, but they may be given opportunities to patrol with police officers, solve mock crime scenes, or attend moot court. This study examines citizen police academies in Tennessee and provides an exploratory investigation of the programs and its participants. Data obtained from 31 police departments indicate CPA programs with more than a 20 year history in Tennessee. Results of a pretest and posttest of 4 citizen police academies’ participants found that attending these programs significantly and positively changed participants’ familiarity with the police chief, local law enforcement, community crime, and the criminal justice system.     

Tough on Crime,Tough on Civil Liberties: Some Negative Aspects of Britain's Wholesale Adoption of CCTV Surveillance During the 1990s

This paper begins by charting the remarkable rate of growth of public space closed circuit television (CCTV) surveillance in Britain during the 1990s, and proceeds to discuss the reasons for that growth. During the course of this discussion, a diverse range of problems associated with the expansion and use of CCTV in public places is identified. Thereafter, the paper concentrates on issues relevant to civil liberties.It considers the relationship between CCTV,fear of crime and concern for civil liberties by examining the findings of British public attitudes surveys which have focused on public space CCTV.Public concerns regarding the implications of CCTV for civil liberties which are common to those surveys are identified. The paper then examines the available evidence relating to those concerns. It is contended that the evidence uncovered and discussed in this paper substantiates the public's concerns regarding CCTV's threat to civil liberties. The paper concludes by calling for the statutory regulation of public space CCTV systems, on the ground that some of the uses to which they and their videotape evidence are being put infringe the civil liberties of many individuals and in particular, of members of certain social and minority groups.