政治文明、和谐社会与法治理念——法治乃政治文明所需、和谐社会所求

由政治文明与和谐社会思想衍生的法治理念具有丰富的内涵。实践社会主义法治理念,必须建立中国特色的以权力制约与权力统合为内容的分权体制,不断提升执政党的民主能力和法治能力;必须贯彻人本思想、民本精神,尊重和保障人权,实现人民参与,使权力“属于人民、通过人民、为了人民”;必须以宪政与人权为核心价值,改造国家精神和政治价值观,建立和完善全面的权力制约体系,建设有限政府;必须将公平正义视为立法和制度的首要价值,为法制注入人性、人道和人权精神,通过公正司法维护社会正义;必须强化法治思维,将人权和正义价值作为政治社会稳定的内涵,以贯彻法治、保障人权和维护正义为服务大局的指导思想和行动指南;必须构建以正义和良知为基本内涵的政法文化。     

法官的实践性知识与智慧导向

法官智慧是现代知识司法的一种象征。智慧的法官必须用法律的智能和审判技术使得司法审判的程序设置和实体性规定更有实效。智慧的法官能够为社会提供人与人、人与社会、人与物的和谐共处。智慧的法官本身就是现代司法的一种象征。法官是智慧的知识的天然结合。良好的司法制度应该是美德和智慧的结果。一个优秀的法官必须掌握充分的法律知识以及在此基础上的司法经验。法官智慧以法律知识为基础,并且是对法律知识的升华。法官的智慧以司法审判的经验为补充。法官智慧的获得与其主体及其主观能动性有关。法官的智慧体现的是法官的敏锐观察力与良好的尺度感,能较快地判断出,在特定的场合下,什么样的裁判是最恰当的。法官智慧的综合性体现在法官的司法审判中。     

社区司法与刑事司法的双系耦合简

社区司法作为社区主导下的新型司法范式，因为其融法律与道德、实体与程序、惩罚与矫正、恢复与救助、协商与调解等复合功能，在完善基层民主治理方式和凝结社区核心价值方面具有独特的优势。由于社区司法与国家刑事司法在处理犯罪问题上具有不同的操作向度，彼此间互有分工又互有联系，因此构成双系耦合。作为调处社会矛盾的自治型司法机制，中国社区司法的模式和运行系统亟待适应当地文化进行创新和发展。社区司法中“社区”在司法活动中应处于基础性地位，且主导基于社区的各种司法形式的运作。     

制度公正与人性制约

制度公正指社会在进行制度设计、制度选择、制度实施、制度创新和制度评价过程中要遵循社会公正原则.制度公正是符合人性要求的产物,同时设定并付诸实施的制度又会反作用于人性.一种制度公正与否自然不能脱离人性的考虑,制度公正的人性制约因素主要表现在以下几方面:1.正确的人性假设是制度公正的前提;2.制度公正必须符合人性实际的要求;3.人性的局限性决定了制度公正的相对性;4.制度公正的实现还受到人性发展水平的制约.制度公正的基本功能就是抑恶扬善,协调私利与社会公益的矛盾,塑造全面发展的人的个性.     

我国行政审判体制的缺陷及其重构

我国行政审判存在诸多令人担忧的问题,究其根源,在于行政审判体制的诸多缺陷。因此,我们必须对现行行政审判体制进行全面的审视和反思,从整体上进行结构化的改革,重新合理配置司法权与行政权,构建一种全新的行政审判体制。     

公正、效率与审级制度改革——从刑事程序法的视角分析

审级制度在刑事司法体系中具有至关重要的作用。我国现行的审级制度由于先天设计失调 ,无法满足国民对于公正的诉求 ;加上后天运行失范 ,其力图实现效率的愿望也化为泡影 ,造成了公正和效率的两败俱伤。中国目前的审级制度已经丧失了正当性 ,必须从“公正优先 ,兼顾效率”的原则出发建构符合世界审级制度发展趋势的三审终审制的审级制度。     

论和谐社会与我国行政纠纷解决制度的完善

建立有效的矛盾或者纠纷解决机制,对于建设和谐社会具有重要意义,尤其是行政纠纷,涉及到政府与公众,公共利益与个人利益之间的关系,涉及到法治的建设。必须从构建和谐社会的内在要求出发,对现行的行政纠纷解决制度进行变革和完善。司法程序的局限性和现代纷争的特征都决定了司法外纷争解决制度的重要性。借鉴西方国家司法外行政纠纷解决制度的合理内核,加强我国司法外行政纠纷解决制度的建设,以促进我国行政救济制度的完善。     

Criminal Justice Through “Colorblind” Lenses: A Call to Examine the Mutual Constitution of Race and Criminal Justice

A central paradox defines the scholarship of criminal justice and race: while racial disparities manifest throughout the criminal justice system, it is often portrayed as race‐neutral. We identify two central paradigm shifts: one in penology (that focuses on risk) and one in racial ideology (that focuses on colorblindness) that create a perfect storm; criminal justice apparatuses produce an illusion of racial neutrality while exacerbating racial disproportionality. We join an expanding list of scholars encouraging discourse that engages critical race theory on an empirical level and import this approach to the consideration of race within the criminal justice system. We identify issues with the conceptualization and operationalization of race as a variable within criminal justice research and recommend that scholars consider the mutual constitution of race and criminal justice. That is, scholarship must examine and empirically measure how race and criminal justice institutions actively form and inform each other.     

刑事司法错误与司法惯性——试论惯性在司法中的消极作用

受传统观念和环境因素的共同影响,司法人员的思维过程和行为方式表现出遵循原有办案思路和排斥先进司法理念的态势。在当前的司法实践中,司法惯性已成为导致刑事司法错误的根本原因。司法惯性主要源于司法人员的思维定势和司法机关相互制约机制的弱化,为确保司法程序的正当性,必须克服司法惯性对刑事司法的消极影响。     

Juvenile delinquency as reflected by offenders of the borstal institute of Cameroon

This paper will describe the governmental structure of Papua New Guinea and the justice system. It identifies justice policy in relation to devolution and the involvement of the community in the justice system. After pointing out that in colonial times judicial powers were exercised at the village level it notes that the introduction of a Village Court system in 1975 and the commencement of Probation in 1985 have both served as a means of introducing custom into the legal system and into the justice system. Probation and Village Courts are discussed and constraints in their operation and development are identified. Other functions of the Probation Service which assist in giving the community a voice in sentencing and in the supervision of offenders are described. The paper concludes that although there has been no formal devolution policy until recently, the desirability of involving the community in the maintenance of law and order has been recognised, primarily through Village Courts and Probation. The fact that Provincial Governments have no law and order powers is identified as a factor marginalising Provincial Governments from the justice system and to that extent, the community within the Province. The paper suggests that policy makers need to address the position of the Provincial Governments within the justice system. Institutional devolution has been limited and there is scope for more to be done but adequate resources must be made available. Gender bias in the Village Court and within Probation as well as the attitude of the lower courts towards Probation are noted as constraints generally.     

Wither Criminal Justice? An Argument for a Reformed Discipline

The American criminal justice system fails to achieve justice, reduce crime, and provide equal protection to Americans regardless of their social class, race, and gender. But, criminal justice as an academic area of study has become a popular and fast growing liberal arts major in the United States, churning out tens of thousands to work in the criminal justice system. Given the demonstrable harms caused by criminal justice, which are suffered disproportionately by the least powerful people, academic criminologists and criminal justicians have the obligation to promote a reformed discipline. This article briefly summarizes the evidence of bias in the criminal justice system and then turns to how these biases relate to criminal justice as an academic discipline. Using the war on drugs as an example, I argue that the practice of criminal justice as an academic endeavor runs counter to the goal of promoting social justice in America. One of the ironic conclusions of this article is that criminal justice as an academic discipline must get smaller if we are to achieve larger goals of social justice outlined here. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Obtaining Information from Children in the Justice System

Even young children can provide accurate accounts of experienced events if adults question them skillfully. However, most justice system personnel receive little training in evidence‐based methods to question children non‐suggestively and with developmental sensitivity. This paper summarizes key research findings about child forensic interviewing. It concludes with recommendations for judges and other justice system personnel who must engage in age‐appropriate consultation with children and outlines steps judges can take to establish evidence‐based interviewing practices by court personnel in their jurisdictions.     

建构与生成:诉讼模式分化中的检察司法规律试析

职权主义诉讼模式及混合式诉讼模式都是一种基于控辩双方的对抗而推进的对抗性司法模式。近些年来刑事司法领域自发生成的一种被称之为协商(或合作)模式的诉讼中,控辩双方的对抗正在弱化甚至消解。就这两种共存的诉讼模式而言,对抗是主导,协商是补充,是基于对抗模式的一种"模式分化"。这种模式分化折射出转型期检察司法应遵循的特别规律,即检察职能运行维度的社会性、检察司法理念上的政策指导型及检察权品格趋向的谦抑性。     

Victims and the restorative justice ambition: a London case study of potentials,assumptions and realities

Restorative justice is coming out of the shadows and in Europe this interest grows alongside a stronger victims’ movement with a domino effect on EU member states’ laws. In the UK, legislation now allows restorative justice at all stages of the criminal justice system, and as part of these developments, new restorative justice services that will be ‘victim-led’ are being funded. This paper questions this ‘kind’ of restorative justice, using unpublished findings from a research project that was conducted in 2017 in London. The project involved a survey with 66 victims and 44 offenders, followed by 11 in-depth victim interviews and a focus groups with 7 victims and practitioners. The data point out a number of assumptions and caveats, which must be addressed in order to ensure that further investment in restorative justice will yield benefits to all those whose lives are blighted by crime. The conclusions are relevant to anyone practising restorative justice internationally including policy makers and funders.     

Towards Good Practice in Juvenile Justice Policy in the Commonwealth

Any witness who is not able to testify due to lack of support or protection is a loss to the proper functioning of a criminal justice system. In this context it is generally accepted that creating a climate for witnesses to testify truthfully and without fear of reprisals is essential to fulfilling the goals of truth and justice. Accordingly, addressing the issues of witness protection and support is a central aspect of a well-functioning criminal justice system; one that contributes not only to the rule of law through more effective investigations and trials, but also ensures that witnesses are treated with the recognition and care they deserve for their contribution to finding the truth. The principle that victims in the criminal justice system must be treated with courtesy, compassion and respect for their personal dignity entails a responsibility on the part of national authorities to realise this basic principle through the development of appropriate mechanisms designed to provide assistance to the victims. However, building effective national victims/witness support and protection is challenging for any state, and especially so for small Commonwealth jurisdictions due to capacity and other constraints. The Commonwealth seeks to provide technical assistance and capacity building to support its members in promoting the rule of law and has developed and disseminated a best practice guide for the protection of victims and witnesses in the criminal justice system. This article seeks to highlight the valuable findings of the Commonwealth guide and to provide guidance to policy-makers, legislators, police, prosecutors and other stakeholders in criminal justice practice.     

司法判决有效性的形而上学思考

司法判决的有效性在哈贝马斯那里被区分为事实有效性和规范有效性两个维度,我们将事实有效性和规范有效性这两个西学术语转化为中国传统哲学的“有、无”概念.法官司法判决所依据的法律（有）必须是符合正义（无）的规范要求,法律（有）必须接受正义（无）的调整和统摄.如果二者并无严重冲突,法官当然可以直接适用法律（有）;如果二者有严重冲突,法官就要弃法律（有）不用,直接适用正义（无）所体现出的原则要求,立法者要在正义（无）的价值指导下修改原来的法律（有）使之与正义（无）相符合.     

香港民事诉讼制度改革之回顾与前瞻

香港的民事司法改革历时十年,彰显了民事司法理念的深度变迁,对民事司法制度的发展具有里程碑意义。新规则自2009年4月2日正式施行以来进展大致顺利,在克服诉讼拖延、促进和解、发展调解等方面取得了一定的成效,但改革终究不是一蹴而就的纸面化改造。在新制度与旧观念相互碰撞又各自发挥作用的时期,如欲推翻法律职业者乃至普通民众的思维定势,变革深埋于制度底层的文化样态,其中的困难同样是显而易见的。     

价值视角的转变与正义模式的演绎——评美国1998年《ADR 法》

经过联邦法院对 ADR 的十几年的探索实验,美国国会最终通过了1998年《ADR 法》,为 ADR 措施的开展发放了“绿卡”。该法要求所有的美国联邦法院实施“当事人服务型”的 ADR 措施,并允许法院强制当事人参加 ADR 程序。联邦法院 ADR 部门要想成功有效的实施该法,对各种 ADR 措施进行选择,以使其与现有的法院体系相兼容,同时为当事人提供便利,首先要协调好 ADR 措施所内涵的正义模式与一直引导着法院的传统的判决型的正义模式的关系。     

Criminal justice theory: A case of trained incapacity?

Theories are scientific tools which give meaning to the social and physical reality that scientists study. They also play a crucial role in generating and storing the information of a discipline. The academic field of criminal justice has a wealth of facts but a dearth of theory. As a result, this field is still only partially developed. This article is a call for greater attention to theory so that the analysis of the criminal justice system and its components can be more fruitful.A survey of 25 criminal justice textbooks published since 1975 shows that the analysis of criminal justice retains a facts-without-theory flavor. For criminal justice as an academic field of study to grow, theory must be integrated much more into criminal justice research and education than has been the case. The theoretical frameworks of such social theorists as Durkheim, Marx, and Weber, among others, are suggested as sources to draw upon to develop an integrated comprehensive theory of the criminal justice system.     

正义：我国行政决策的理性诉求

作为行政管理活动的首要环节和重要基础,行政决策解决了政治资源的定位和分配,从而决定着行政管理活动的方向及方式取舍,并以其特有的权威引导和保证社会发展的方向。政治正义性与合法性的原理要求我国的行政决策必须坚持正义的理性诉求。但由于权力寻租的存在,监督机制的不健全以及行政决策的技术基础不够理想,我国部分行政决策的正义性明显不足。要增强我国行政决策的正义性,必须从根本出发,完善行政决策的制度基础,提高行政决策的技术基础,扩大行政决策的社会基础。