National-State Relations: Cooperative Federalism in the Twentieth Century

Daniel J. Elazar's 1959 Ph.D. dissertation demonstrated conclusivelythe inadequate explanatory value of the theory of dual federalismand the prevalence of cooperative national-state relations inthe period ending in 1913. Congressional employment of totaland partial preemption and coercive regulatory powers since1965 raises the question whether the theory of cooperative federalismexplains fully the functioning of the federal system at thebeginning of the twenty-first century. An examination of national-staterelations reveals that each of the two theories retains a degreeof explanatory value. There is, however, a need for a more generaltheory incorporating elements of these theories and coerciveuse of congressional powers, highlighting the generally cooperativenature of national-state relations, and explaining the continuousreadjustment of the respective powers of Congress and states.     

Measuring Government in the Early Twentieth Century

This article discusses the early history of performance and productivity measurement. It finds sophisticated development of these tools beginning in the first decade of the twentieth century, primarily at the New York Bureau of Municipal Research. These practices grew out of accounting, the social survey, work records, and municipal statistics. The bureau built government's capacity to measure. They advocated such basic empirical practices as making observations at all, doing so systematically and routinely, and recording data at the time of observation. By 1912, performance measurement exhibited many of the features associated with the modern practice: measuring of input, output, and results; attempting to make government more productive; making reports comparable among communities; and focusing on allocation and accountability. Performance measurement was developed in the context of shifting power between the elected executive and the legislature.     

论20世纪50年代以来新疆工业布局变化的原因

1949年后,新疆地区的工业布局经历了一个重大变化,即以南疆地区为重心转变为以北疆地区为重心。其中,以首府乌鲁木齐为中心的北疆中部区工业聚集度最高。影响新疆工业布局变化的因素主要在于政府经济政策、自然资源的分布、人口分布的变化、交通条件等,这其中,自然资源的空间分布及其开发对新疆工业经济增长和布局起到了重要作用。     

市民社会理论及其现代意义

市民社会理论因其重要的学术价值和现实意义,多年来引起众多中西方学者对它研究和关注。以往的研究着重揭示市民社会的理论意义及其在西方社会引发的价值,而对中西之间的社会差异性和基础关注不够,缺少对马克思的市民社会批判理论的探讨,使人们对它如雾里看花,难窥其奥。本文通过对市民社会思想的实质及演化路径的分析,剖析了马克思的市民社会批判理论,阐述了中国市民社会的建构思路,给出了自己独特的认识。     

面向新世纪的德国经济与社会

正视现实,清醒地认识２１世纪所带来的机遇和挑战,是执政的德国社会民主党人和其他政治家共同关注的重要议题,无论是德社民党理事会制定的、提交党代会讨论的纲领草案,还是施罗德－－布莱尔宣言,都明确无误地表明,在全球化与德国经济发展、欧盟一体化及其扩展、劳动就业与社会福利,外交与国家安全等单方面,德国的构想和规划已明朗化。认真研究它们,不仅可以加深对德国未来战略的了解,而且对我们制定新世纪规划也具有较强的     

和谐文化与和谐社会

加强和谐文化建设是建设和谐社会的重要任务。和谐文化在不同的时期有不同的含义和内容,不同的阶级对和谐文化有不同的理解和要求。按照胡锦涛总书记提出的“民主法治、公平正义、诚信友爱、充满活力、安定有序、人与自然和谐相处”内容与框架,遵循阶级性、科学性、全面性和渐进性的原则与要求,是建设社会主义和谐文化的根本保证。     

全面建设小康社会:新世纪的伟大战略目标

中共中央提出的全面建设小康社会的目标 ,具有突出的战略意义。全面建设小康社会 ,必须从中国的实际情况出发 ,必须深入把握其特点 ,并要求重点抓好几项工作。