从党纲的八次修改看瑞典社民党的理论创新与调整

瑞典社民党自成立以后曾修改过八个党纲,对其理论和政策进行调整。每一次调整都反映了瑞典社民党对瑞典社会乃至资本主义和国际形势的认识,可以说也体现了瑞典社会民主主义理论与政策的变化。这些调整也是瑞典社民党治国理政经验的总结,对深入研究世界社会主义理论具有重要的意义。     

瑞典社民党的理论反思与政策调整

瑞典社民党通过国家干预,在对私人所有制进行限制和改造的同时,大力推进经济变革,提高人民生活.近年来它大刀阔斧地调整经济结构,改革福利制度,坚决迎接全球化挑战,表现出极大的创造力和革新精神.在这个过程中,它所进行的社会主义取向的改革影响了瑞典历史进程,推动社会向着有利于劳动人民的方向发展.     

瑞典社民党的理论与实践述评

瑞典社民党自成立以来,以消灭阶级为目标,努力改革瑞典社会,积极改善人民生活,创造并发展了举世瞩目的瑞典模式。近二十年来,该党面对全球化的挑战,对其理论和政策成功地进行了一系列重大调整。     

冷战后瑞典社会民主党的新变化

冷战后,为适应国内外形势的深刻变化,瑞典社会民主党在思想领域包括对社会主义与资本主义、马克思主义和共产主义以及对民主和平等的原则等问题都有新的看法。同时,在党纲方面也进行了适当的调整,制定了一系列的社会政策,巩固了其瑞典第一大党的地位。     

瑞典的住房政策及其启示

瑞典社会民主党虽然从未主张彻底推翻资本主义制度,但在职能社会主义方面却做过诸多有益尝试。瑞典社会民主党1932年上台执政后,在“人民之家”思想指导下,施行普惠主义住房政策,提出要削弱收入与住房之间的联系,力图保障所有阶层的住房权利,将全体国民纳入到普遍、平等、高标准的住房福利体系之内,取得了一定的成果,成为其福利国家制度的重要组成部分。自上世纪90年代以来,随着新自由主义在西方世界的兴起,瑞典的住房政策也受到了冲击：建造新房、房租、房产税等各种干预措施明显放松,在普惠性与选择性之间逐步偏向选择性。这一变化很快引起了瑞典民众的不满。社会民主党重新上台以后,瑞典政府在住房政策上又开始加大对市场机制的控制力度,重新向“人民之家”回归。瑞典虽从未大规模建造公有住房,却在住房方面取得了良好的调节效果,瑞典的住房政策经验可以为我国解决当前住房问题提供有益的借鉴参考。     

我对瑞典社会主义模式的认识

瑞典社会主义是一种不同于苏联模式的社会主义它有着广泛的群众基础,受到大多数群众的拥护;瑞典社民党不是资产阶级政党,而是社会主义政党;瑞典社民党的"自由、平等和团结"的价值观是社会主义的.     

瑞典政党是如何处理党政关系的

自第一次世界大战以来,瑞典逐步建立了成熟和完善的政党制度。在长达七十多年的时期里,瑞典五个议会大党既相互制约又相互合作,形成了成熟的政党关系。同时,瑞典在处理党政关系上形成了一套成熟的政策和做法,保证了社会的有序发展。瑞典的经验值得我们深入研究。     

向新自由主义演变的瑞典模式

在整个战后时期,瑞典的经济政治模式一直被人们称赞:这一模式成功地实现了快速经济增长、充分就业、优越的社会福利以及性别平等,瑞典成为世界上最平等和最富裕的社会之一。但是,20世纪90年代初以来,这一模式崩溃了。和其他国家一样,瑞典引入了新自由主义政策,以保持价格稳定和低通货膨胀率为首要政策目标,放弃了充分就业政策。自那以后,瑞典总的来说是在进行市场导向的重组。     

瑞典左翼党百年社会主义理论与实践探索的特点分析

瑞典左翼党在百年历史演进中经历了从共产主义政党向左翼政党的转变.该党的调整转型与其对社会主义的理解和实践探索密切相关,在内容上不断拓展社会主义的范畴,注入环保主义、女权主义、和平及民主人权等因素,在形式上日渐淡化共产党的特性,以加强阶级合作、推动社会民主主义化的方式来探索瑞典式的社会主义道路.这些转型帮助瑞典左翼党从其他左翼政党和组织中吸纳了不少支持者,使其虽多次出现分裂仍能继续发展,成为瑞典政坛一支不可忽视的力量.     

瑞典的福利政策及调整

在长期执政的社民党和强大的工会组织支持下,瑞典的社会福利到上世纪60年代已扩大到全国各个阶层,并包括人生的全过程.瑞典也因其"从摇篮到坟墓"的福利政策而闻名.     

Power and transformational and transactional leadership in public and private organizations

Ten public and 35 private organizations located in Central New York State participated in a university- sponsored research project to study the effects of organizational characteristics upon types of leadership (transformational/transactional) and power demonstrated by supervisors. Public sector organizations in which managers had low control over rewards were compared to private sector organizations in which managers had high control over rewards.

Followers perceived public sector supervisors as more inspirational by their followers and they used more active management-by-exception behavior than those in private organizations. Private sector supervisors had more reward, legitimate and coercive power than supervisors in public sector organizations.     

Natural Resources and Small Island Economies: Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago

Abstract

Historically, small economies, especially resource-rich ones, underperformed on average relative to their larger counterparts. Small island economies appear still more disadvantaged due to remoteness from both markets and agglomeration economies. Yet a comparison of two small island economies with similar initial conditions other than their mineral endowment suggests that policy outweighs size, isolation and resource endowment in determining economic performance. Resource-poor Mauritius adopted an unfashionable policy of export manufacturing that systematically eliminated surplus labour, which drove economic diversification that sustained rapid GDP growth and political maturation. Like most resource-rich economies, Trinidad and Tobago pursued policies that absorbed rent too rapidly, which impeded diversification and created an illusory prosperity vulnerable to collapse.     

Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians and why Novorossiya failed

This article discusses two inter-related issues. Firstly, the factors lying behind Russia's fervent belief that its Novorossiya (New Russia) project, aimed to bring back to Russia eight oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Zaporizhhya, Odesa, Mykolayiv, and Kherson in eastern and southern Ukraine and launched during the 2014 “Russian Spring,” would be successful. Russian identity misunderstood, and continues to misunderstand, Ukraine and Ukrainians through stereotypes and myths of Ukraine as an “artificial state” and Ukraine's Russian speakers as “fraternal brothers” and Russians and Ukrainians as “one people” (odin narod). Secondly, why Ukrainian national identity was different than these Russian stereotypes and myths and how this led to the failure of the Novorossiya project. Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians came face to face with the reality of Russian-speaking Ukrainian patriotism and their low support for the Russkij Mir (Russian World). The article compares Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians with how Ukrainians see themselves to explain the roots of the 2014 crisis, “Russian Spring,” and failure of Russian President Vladimir Putin's Novorossiya project.     

Earnings and ethnicity in Trinidad and Tobago

This study employs 1993 Continuous Sample Survey of the Population (CSSP) data for Trinidad and Tobago to investigate the determinants of earnings by ethnicity. The data, organised into three ethnic groupings, reveal lower levels of remuneration in the labour market for Africans and Indians than for individuals of other ethnicities taken as a whole. While the larger portion of the earnings differentials generally appears to be explained by ethnic differences in characteristics valued by the labour market, Africans and Indians would benefit substantially if they were to receive the same rates of remuneration for their educational endowments as workers of other ethnicities in the Trinidad and Tobago labour market. Notwithstanding Indians’ lowest average earnings, Africans appear more likely to be discriminated against.     

现代化与未成年人犯罪

未成人犯罪随着现代化的发展而发展，这可以说是一种国际现象。在现代化进程中，我国未成年人犯罪大量增多的原因在于：未成年人生理、心理发展不平衡，家庭教育存在缺失，学校教育存在不足，社会上存在着很多消极因素。在现代化进程中，必须采取有效对策，控制未成年人犯罪增多，才能保障未成年人健康成长。     

Country size and economic growth and development

This paper attempts to provide limited empirical evidence on the nature of the relationship between country size and rates of economic growth and levels of economic development, and on the possible effects of trade concentration and dependence on trade on this relationship. It suggests that there is no discernible association between country size and economic development, nor between country size and economic growth, and that neither the dependence on trade of small countries nor their commodity and geographic export concentration are necessarily important factors in economic growth and economic development.     

“两抢”犯罪的趋势与防控

根据最近16年的统计数据，我国“两抢”犯罪总体呈上升态势，且出现多方面的特点。当前，影响“两抢”犯罪变化趋势的因素主要有：社会管理机制完善的程度、社会成员之间收入的差距、“两抢”犯罪主体特点、社会成员的防范意识以及公安机关的防控机制等。预防“两抢”犯罪需要整个社会尤其是公安机关的共同努力。     

Government and Corruption: Scylla and Charybdis

Using public sector employment and corruption perception data for 72 countries across the world, this article demonstrates that despite common notion countries with “smaller” governments do not tend to have lower corruption. Under general assumptions, one can demonstrate that there is an optimal size of public sector employment corresponding to the highest capital intensity. The model has several implications: lower optimal sizes of governments for labor intensive countries and higher sizes for capital intensive ones, possibility to reduce corruption paying a cost of suboptimal output, and a higher “price” of an oversized government for labor intensive countries.