欧盟合同法律适用制度的演进

欧共体于1980年通过的<合同之债的法律适用公约>(以下称<罗马公约>或<公约>),统一了各成员国的合同法律适用规则,在一定程度上减少了由当李人作法院选择的几率.但是,经过20多年的实践,<公约>本身的立法形式及一些具体条款已表现出诸多不足.本文拟根据欧盟委员会公布的<关于将1980年＜合同之债的法律适用公约＞转换为共同体立法及其现代化的绿皮书>(以下称<绿皮书>)和<合同之债的法律适用条例议案>(以下称<罗马条例I议案>)这两个重要文件,对<公约>各条款的不适应性进行分析,并介绍其解决这些问题的思路.     

欧盟保险合同法律选择规则的再认识

欧盟关于保险合同法律适用规则的《罗马条例Ⅰ》第7条自面世以来一直受到学界的关注,它因错综复杂而受到褒贬不一的评价.本文认为其选法格局宏观上是依保单持有人是否需要特别保护为考虑因素,将保险合同重新分为两大类;微观上分别对再保险合同、大规模风险保险合同、大众风险保险合同以及强制保险合同进行考量,并重点分析了承保大众风险合同法律选择规则的若干问题,如意思自治原则、最密切联系原则以及欧盟成员国的具体情况,最后对我国的相关立法提出完善建议.     

欧盟劳动者自由流动的法律制度及其启示

欧洲联盟内部劳动者自由流动,同商品、服务和资本的自由流动一起,构成了欧洲经济一体化的基本内容。欧盟从建立时起,就注重对劳动者自由流动的法律调整。我国正处于城市化的高潮时期,劳动者流动正迅速发展。我们应该借鉴欧盟的经验,加强劳动者流动方面的立法,以确保其有序进行,促进改革开放的健康、和谐发展。     

欧盟统一国际私法的经验与未来——“法律趋同化理论”的当代实践

当代欧盟国际私法对法律趋同化理论的实践依托于两大基石：一是从成员国中心主义的条约模式,转变为共同体中心主义的超国家立法模式,二是独立释法的超国家司法机构。作为直接趋同方式的典型,布鲁塞尔体系以相互信任原则为中心推动判决自由流动目标的实现,罗马条例体系则凭借统一冲突法方式寻求法律适用确定性的目标,两者相得益彰并逐渐迈向合流。英国脱欧一方面意味着间接趋同方式的回归,另一方面也反映出法律趋同化理论的局限性,未来的欧盟应重新认知法律多样性与统一性的矛盾关系。当代欧盟统一国际私法的经验对中国国际私法内外体系的完善提供了三点启示：一是国际私法立法模式的法典化路径;二是通过统一立法与多边化司法协同实现区际私法的再优化;三是辩证化理解法律趋同化理论,既要积极加入判决自由流动的国际条约,更要建构具有中国特色的国际私法规范体系。     

关于欧盟与其他国际组织有关法律问题的比较

欧盟、亚太经合组织、联合国、国际货币基金组织、阿盟等在国际社会发挥着中流砥柱的作用,它们的出现具有无可替代的意义.本文分析了欧盟与其他国际组织在法律意义上存在的质的区别；提出了欧盟法是法律体系,而其他国际组织仅具备部门法体系或者综合性职能的观点,还将欧盟与联合国、WTO等国际组织的法律规定进行了宏观的甄别.     

欧盟合同之债法律适用制度的新发展

欧盟《合同之债法律适用罗马公约》（以下称《罗马公约》）于2008年转换为共同体的立法——《合同之债法律适用条例》（以下称《罗马条例I》）。《罗马条例I》并不是简单照搬《罗马公约》的规定,而是对《罗马公约》的一些条款作了重新解释或重大修订,这些修订包括：当事人意思自治的调整;当事人未选择法律时合同冲突规则的修订;增加运输合同和保险合同冲突条款;重新界定强制规则以及加强弱势方当事人利益的保护等。《罗马条例I》可以为我国涉外合同之债法律适用立法提供借鉴。     

欧盟贸易壁垒条例的实施状况与法律分析

欧盟贸易壁垒条例10年来的实践显示其已成为欧盟反击贸易壁垒和打开第三国市场的有效工具,凸现其将私人主体的诉愿转化至WTO争端解决机制的桥梁作用,因此倍受欧盟内部乃至国际社会关注。本文将综合分析TBR及其实施状况,检验贸易壁垒、损害/不利贸易影响和共同体利益等核心标准的应用,并展望TBR的发展趋势,以期裨益于处理中欧贸易关系和建立完善我国反贸易壁垒的机制。     

由两起案例看欧盟261号条例下对航班延误旅客权利的保护

欧盟在2004年通过了(EC)No?261/2004条例(以下简称第261号条例),旨在发生航空公司拒载、航班取消或航班长时间延误的情况下建立一般规则,以使旅客得到赔偿和获得协助。但是该条例自通过以来就饱受争议,并引发了大量诉讼。而中国关于航空旅客权益保护的立法目前尚不完善,保护水平较低,执行力度不够。因此中国的相关立法应当予以完善。欧盟的立法和司法实践无疑值得中国研究和借鉴。     

欧洲一体化对英国国际私法的影响

随着 1973年英国步入欧洲共同体 ,英国国际私法不应再被孤立地看待 ,它与欧洲联盟统一国际私法及欧洲联盟成员国中的大陆法系国家的国际私法紧密地联系在一起。它们相互影响、相互渗透、相互作用、相互促进。作为欧洲联盟 15个成员国中仅有的两个普通法法系国家之一 ,而且是普通法发源地的英国 ,其国际私法受到了欧洲一体化空前的、巨大的影响。这种影响主要体现在 :推动了英国国际私法制定法的新发展 ;开拓了英国国际私法的新法源 ;创立了英国冲突法案件的新类型 ;提供了英国解决冲突案件的新方法     

欧盟信息安全法律框架之解读

网络与信息系统安全已经引起了全世界共同关注,美国和欧盟在这一领域走在了世界的前列。伴随中欧经济、文化交流的日益密切,欧盟信息安全法律框架也为我国立法提供了可资借鉴的蓝本。通过解读欧盟信息安全法律框架的演变轨迹及其特点,结合我国信息安全保障立法现状,分析当前我国信息安全立法的主要着力点,提出我国应加快信息安全立法进程,用法律形式明确信息安全监管机构和监管模式,构建有中国特色的信息安全法律体系。     

论欧盟法在成员国的适用

欧盟法主要由欧盟与成员国签订的基础性条约、欧盟与第三国或国际组织签订的条约和欧盟通过的条例、指令和决定组成。在欧盟内部,欧盟法可以直接适用,具有直接效力,并处于优先地位。欧盟法与成员国法的关系既不同于国际法和国内法关系,也不同于联邦法与成员邦法的关系。欧盟成员国各自适用欧盟法的实践,反映了欧盟法独特的适用方式,表明国际法日益得到普遍的尊重与遵守,主权国家自觉灵活适用国际法以维护国家利益,国际组织在国际法国内适用方面发挥重要作用。这是对现代国际法的丰富与发展。     

欧洲联盟法中的指令协调机制

今天的欧洲联盟,已经发展到了27个成员国,它的一体化运动,是以法律的趋同、一致化为条件和体现的。在共同体层面制定的法律,最终要在27个国家得到具体的实现;在这个过程中,法律的协调和一致化的引导是不可缺少的环节。就指令而言,在从欧共体到欧盟的几十年间,采用了"旧"、"新"两种不同的协调方法。通过对它们分别进行考察和结合案例的分析,可以看到协调机制是一个包括欧洲法院参与在内的动态系统。     

The Role of Interest Groups in the European Union Decision-Making Process

Most of the economic models that analyse the behaviour of interest groups in the policy making process uphold the idea that there are many organized groups that compete, with the aim of achieving their individual goals. The adoption of decisions is the result of a complex system of strategic interactions, and since different groups have different resources at their disposal this makes it easier for one or more groups to influence whether or not a policy is adopted. This research demonstrates that an institutional system such as the European Union (EU) should be able to protect us from the potential manipulation, which accompanies these channels of influence.     

The evolution of European legal integration

This article contributes to the development of theories on European integration by testing and exploring statistical models on the long-term development of legislative activity of the European Commission. Drawing on legal information gained from the European Union’s PreLex database and analyzing it with the help of statistical analyses, we map out growth patterns of EU law between 1976 and 2003. We construct time-series models and models based on non-linear regression. While the performance of models based on the traditional theoretical approaches, intergovernmentalism and neo-functionalism, is rather poor, the analysis suggests that nonlinear dynamic models might be an interesting avenue for future conceptualizations of the EU integration process. This article is based on a paper presented at the ECPR Standing Group on the European Union Second Pan-European Conference on EU Politics, “Implications of a Wider Europe: Politics, Institutions and Diversity”, 24–26 June 2004, Bologna, Italy. We would like to thank the seminar participants for useful comments.     

论欧盟货币市场基金监管新规

2008年全球金融危机以来,欧盟对影子银行的发展深感担忧。货币市场基金作为影子银行的重要组成部分,仍然适用欧盟各个成员国的国内监管规则。随着欧盟内部市场的发展,欧盟货币市场基金的跨境投资与交易数量激增。因此欧盟将货币市场基金的统一监管提上议事日程。应欧洲议会的要求,欧盟分析与研究后,于2013年9月4日正式对外公布了《货币市场基金条例草案》。该条例草案是在金融危机背景下为加强影子银行监管和保护投资者利益而制定,是欧盟为建设金融市场统一监管体系所努力的一部分。《货币市场基金条例草案》在欧盟现有金融监管法律体系的基础上,对欧盟货币市场基金的营业核准、基金内部评级规则、信息披露义务、投资多样性与集中性原则设定了统一的监管标准。此外,《货币市场基金条例草案》首次在欧盟境内引入浮动净资产价值货币市场基金的概念,以及类似准备金制度的净资产价值缓冲机制,提高了传统固定净资产价值货币市场基金的准入门槛。当下的中国,其货币市场基金发展迅速,已成为社会各界的热门话题,因此中国的金融监管机构也正在研究如何完善货币市场基金监管规则。目前,有欧盟的《货币市场基金条例草案》在先,那么中国的金融监管机构可以从欧盟的实践中吸取经验教训,引导中国货币市场基金良性健康发展。     

The Open Architecture of European Human Rights Law

The evolution of the European human rights regime is often described as the development of an integrated order with the European Convention of Human Rights as its governing 'constitutional instrument'. It is argued that the regime is better regarded as pluralist - characterised by a heterarchical relationship between its constituent parts that is ultimately defined politically and not legally. The emergence and workings of this pluralist order are traced through the interaction of the European Court of Human Rights with domestic courts in the European Union. These cases not only show conflicts over questions of ultimate supremacy but also significant convergence and harmony in practice. The analysis of the factors leading to this convergence indicates that central characteristics of pluralism – incrementalism and the openness of ultimate authority – have contributed significantly to the generally smooth evolution of the European human rights regime. This suggests a broader appeal of pluralist models as alternatives to constitutionalism in the construction of postnational authority and law.     

The fundamental right of data protection in the European Union: in search of an uncharted right

The entry into force of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the ensuing introduction of the right to data protection as a new fundamental right in the legal order of the EU has raised some challenges. This article is an attempt to bring clarity on some of these questions. We will therefore try to address the issue of the place of the right to the protection of personal data within the global architecture of the Charter, but also the relationship between this new fundamental right and the already existing instruments. In doing so, we will analyse the most pertinent case law of the Court of Luxembourg, only to find out that it creates more confusion than clarity. The lesson we draw from this overview is that the reasoning of the Court is permeated by a ‘privacy thinking’, which consists not only in overly linking the rights to privacy and data protection, but also in applying the modus operandi of the former to the latter (which are different we contend). The same flawed reasoning seems to be at work in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. Therefore, it is crucial that the different modi operandi be acknowledged, and that any upcoming data protection instrument is accurately framed in relation with Article 8 of the Charter.     

Jurisprudential Dilemmas of European Law

Making a first sketch of philosophical issues arising fromEuropean Community law I want to present a series ofmore or less obvious, and more or less interrelated dilemmas,or even double binds.(i) Deepening the community becomes incompatible withwidening membership. (ii) National states seem bothnecessary for and obstructive in articulating transnationalproblems. (iii) The more democracy is needed as a warrantfor the public exercise of political power in Europe, themore the very concept of democracy on a European scaleevades understanding. (iv) European unity presupposes aunifying rule of law, while member states have radicallydifferent conceptions of this principle. (v) Even the verycore of European integration, the common market, is subjectto two conflicting and, indeed, incompatible doctrines ofcompetition. In explaining the nature of each dilemma I willtry to take my cue from the Maastricht Treaty wherever thisseems suitable. Then I will elaborate on the jurisprudentialproblems involved in it. Finally, each section will be closedby an attempt to state the nature of these problems inphilosophical terms.