Should they be committed? Motivating volunteers in Phnom Penh,Cambodia

Expatriate volunteers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, work in a country where many of their fellow expatriates are paid considerably more than they are. Such volunteers often find that the financial disparities affect the perceptions that people have of them. This paper explores the self-perceptions of volunteers working with Voluntary Service Overseas in Phnom Penh, and sets these perceptions within current theories of motivation and commitment. Two issues are then raised: whether these volunteers are willing and able to deliver quality assistance; and how perceptions of their status can affect their ability to deliver such assistance.     

Participatory appraisal in the UK urban health sector

Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) emerged in the context of working with rural communities in developing countries. But the principles of participation and of action-oriented research are equally valid for development work in the urban sector, and in industrialised countries. This article describes the use of participatory appraisal techniques in disadvantaged communities in the UK, in the fields of health and social welfare. Drawing on a case-study of her work, the author looks at the practical, organisational, and political difficulties inherent in bringing together multi-agency professionals and public-sector workers, and members of local communities, and in developing a functional consensus between them.     

Combining worker and user interests in the health sector: trade unions and NGOs

This paper examines the relationship between workers in the health sector and users of health services as seen through two case studies of trade unions and NGOs working together, one in Malaysia and the other in South Africa. Despite a history of tensions between these two types of organisation, when they work together effectively the results can be influential. The Malaysia Citizens' Health Initiative has set up a separate organisation and now has the power to mediate differences between trade unions, NGOs, and the government. The partnership between the Treatment Action Campaign and the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) in South Africa is providing a unified voice demanding government action on HIV/AIDS.     

柬埔寨：2012～2013年回顾与展望

本文对2012年柬埔寨政治、经济及外交形势进行回顾,对2013年柬埔寨经济及政治发展前景进行展望。     

Peer education in sexual and reproductive health programming: a Cambodian case study

This article analyses in detail the impact and effectiveness of peer-education projects implemented in Cambodia under the Reproductive Health Initiative for Asia (RHI), in an attempt to provide important lessons for the design and implementation of such interventions and to contribute to the development of best practice. Under RHI, which was the first programme in Cambodia designed specifically to address the sexual and reproductive health needs of young people, peer education was implemented as if it were a directly transferable method, rather than a process to be rooted in specific social and political contexts. Consequently, peer-education concepts of empowerment and participation conflicted with hierarchical traditions and local power relations concerning gender and poverty; peer educators were trained to deliver messages developed by adults; and interventions were not designed to reflect the social dynamics of youth peer groups.     

柬埔寨:2009年回顾与2010年展望

2009年是由洪森首相领导的新一届政府主导执政的第一年,年内必须面对来自国内外多个方面的挑战。在国内,柬埔寨人民党以建立一个更强有力的法制国家为目标,强化人民民主,维持国内稳定的政治局面;经济受到全球金融危机的影响,但仍有所增长;外交上,最为显眼的是柬泰关系因边境争议和他信事件而恶化。展望2010年,总体看将与2009年大致相似,各个方面不会出现大的起伏。     

2004年：柬埔寨进入后西哈努克时代

2004年是柬埔寨现代历史上最重要的年份之一。在政治方面 ,西哈努克退位 ,新国王登基 ,君主立宪制度有了实质性变化。政治僵局的结束和新一届国会和政府的产生与运作 ,巩固了人民党与奉辛比克的政治联盟。在经济方面 ,长达一年的政治僵局 ,影响了柬埔寨经济的发展 ,加入WTO给柬埔寨带来新的挑战和机遇 ,首相洪森掀起行政改革风暴的震撼初见成效。在外交方面 ,洪森三访中国 ,两国友好关系进入最佳时期。对美关系明显改善。印支三国一体化进程加快 ,并与缅甸结成东盟内第二国家集团。2004年各方面的发展 ,强化了业已形成的柬埔寨国家发展方…     

柬埔寨IT业现状

一、柬埔寨互联网业20世纪90年代末以来 ,互联网在柬埔寨蓬勃发展 ,1998年柬埔寨的网民只有2000人 ,2003年8月达到1.8万人 ,并且互联网在这个战后百废待兴的国家里还有很大的发展潜力。在柬埔寨 ,上网、自己建网站都不受任何限制 ,但提供互联网接入服务的企业是要申请牌照的。近年来 ,网吧如雨后春笋般涌现 ,柬埔寨邮电部已制定了条例 ,给网吧发放牌照 ,规范这一新兴市场。柬埔寨政府对互联网上的信息并不控制。地方网站的信息都用英文 ,几个网站的部分内容用高棉语 ,搜索引擎都是国外的。互联网接入服务提供商柬埔寨有7个互联网接入服务提…     

African rural labour and the World Bank: An alternative perspective

In the context of economic and technological change in the late twentieth century, the World Bank's World Development Report 1995 combines the themes of labour and the global market, celebrating the triumph of the market in efficient labour-allocation worldwide. The World Bank's emphasis on boosting Africa's agricultural export capacity ignores the prevailing hostile conditions which African products encounter on the world market, and the current tendency towards agricultural labour displacement. `Labour flight', particularly of youth, signals African farmers' own disenchantment with farming under present liberalised market conditions. The narrowness of the W orld Bank's policy vision for Africa avoids the social and political implications of rural labour displacement as well as the need for human-capital investment in rural areas. This article argues that the alternative to human-capital investment now may be war and expensive disaster-relief for decades to come.     

Advancing women's reproductive and sexual health rights: Using the International Human Rights system

Often the primary barriers to improving women's health are rooted in socio-economic, legal, and cultural factors. Women are generally assigned subordinate status in terms of economic power, decision making, and options regarding education, work, and family. National laws often restrict or prohibit equality and choice within society. Thus, the improvement of reproductive health is not only a matter of effective health interventions, but also a matter of social justice and human rights. This article discusses how the International Human Rights (IHR) system can be used more effectively for the protection and promotion of reproductive rights. In particular, it focuses on how IHR treaties can play an important role in fostering state compliance with rights relating to reproductive and sexual health. It ends with a discussion on how NGO advocacy work can better collaborate with the treaty body monitoring process in order to advance women's reproductive rights.     

From volunteers to voluntours: shifting priorities in post-disaster Japan

This paper analyses the emergence of post-disaster ‘voluntours’ following Japan's 2011 disasters. An overwhelming, yet haphazard volunteer response to previous disasters spurred extensive collaboration between the state, relief organizations, and would-be volunteers in the wake of 3.11. However, when mapped onto to the massive devastation of the 3.11 disasters, this collaboration almost immediately turned many post-disaster volunteers into ‘voluntourists’, a problematic category commonly associated with visitors from the Global North volunteering for social and environmental causes while on holiday in the Global South. Japan's post-disaster voluntours demonstrate how uncoordinated and potentially risky volunteers have been channelled into a carefully-controlled and long-term response that satisfies people's desire to help disaster victims, while ultimately encouraging tourism (sans volunteering) as the most desirable form of disaster recovery assistance. This shift toward voluntourism potentially undermines post-disaster volunteering and threatens to trap parts of Tōhoku, like other disaster sites, in a position of permanently ‘post-disaster’.     

Security sector reform: bringing the private in

As the links between security and development have been increasingly recognized, Security Sector Reform (SSR) has become a central part of development policy. Following a traditional Weberian conception of the state, these programmes are almost exclusively focused on the public security sector, neglecting the extent to which people in developing countries have come to rely on private security providers for their day-to-day security needs. While the reform of public security institutions is undoubtedly important, this article argues that a strict public/private distinction is a poor guide to security sector reform. Focusing on Sierra Leone and Kenya, the article argues that ‘bringing the private in’ is crucial to a comprehensive understanding of the security situation in most countries and that any attempt to ensure better security for all must take account of private actors. Private security companies and their integration into SSR matter not simply in terms of the maintenance of law and order, but also in terms of who has access to security, and ultimately, for the legitimacy of social and political orders.     

古代中国与柬埔寨经贸交流综述

柬埔寨自古以来一直是中国的友好邻邦。从古至今的漫长历史岁月中,中柬两国的经贸交流互利互惠、延绵不绝,对提升中柬两国生产技术,促进中柬文化交流,增进两国人民的友谊起到了重要作用。时至今日仍具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Community participation in local governance in Cambodia: learning from the village networks approach

Cambodia has embarked on a process of decentralisation and democratisation, including the establishment of elected Commune Councils in early 2002. Given the lack of a tradition of encouraging civic participation in public affairs, however, there was initially little general awareness of how to engage with these Councils. The authors describe a project supported by the Ministry of Rural Development and the German bilateral agency, GTZ, and undertaken with local non-government organisations, to identify and support active community groups and improve their capacity to interact with the Commune Councils, while at the same time seeking ways for the Commune Councils to support the different groups.     

Women in the informal sector

This article reviews the extent to which the educational system has acknowledged the importance to women of the informal sector of the economy, and the extent to which it has sought to prepare them for employment or self-employment within it. It assesses the record of both formal and non-formal education in providing women with the necessary skills to compete with men for employment, and concludes that both have generally failed to assist women to obtain skilled, well-paid, and secure jobs, leaving them in overwhelming numbers in subsistence-level activities in the informal sector. Within the non-formal approach to education, the article examines training in income-generating projects, which are a major conduit for ssistance to poor women in developing countries. Some recommendations for improved strategies of education and training provision are presented. 1     

World views in peace building: a post-conflict reconstruction challenge in Cambodia

This article explores post-conflict reconstruction in Cambodia through an analysis of both the dangers of liberal peace building and the positive role that training in capacity building plays in war-torn societies. The central question addressed is how insider–outsider dynamics influence Cambodia's post-conflict reconstruction projects; and what assumptions do international workers and Cambodian NGO staff make about ‘the good life’ that will be constructed? The article offers an overview of Cambodia's history and cultural context to situate its analysis of liberal peace building and foreign donors, as well as the behavioural characteristics of international peace builders operating within Cambodia. It assesses the potency of elite capture of insider–outsider partnership, specific NGO management practices, and the role of gender to better illuminate the challenges for post-conflict reconstruction. The article concludes with recommendations for improving future partnerships between insiders and outsiders in Cambodian peace-building projects.     

中小企业参与大湄公河次区域经济合作开发的微观环境分析——以中国台资成衣业对柬埔寨投资为例

一、引言大湄公河次区域经济合作作为中国-东盟自由贸易区的先行示范区,受到次区域各国及中国政府的充分重视,其所涉及到的6个国家（越南、缅甸、老挝、柬埔寨、泰国、中国）均属发展中国家,尤其是越南、缅甸、老挝、柬埔寨,人均收入不到400美元。如今,次区域经济合作的理论探讨及实践已经进行多年,各国政府都希望通过加强合作发展经济,而众多优惠政策也为各中小型企业进入次区域合作开发提供了良好条件。但从目前情况看来,虽然中小型企业发展速度较快,但发展水平仍不高,