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1.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
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2.
The problem of corporate crime rates has been the subject of debate, speculation and operationalization for decades, largely
stemming from the complexity of measuring this type of crime. Examining corporate environmental crime poses challenges and creates opportunities for advancing the discussion of corporate crime rates, but criminologists
are less familiar with environmental data. In the current paper, we review the strengths and weaknesses of existing environmental
data that can be used to construct the components of an environmental crime rate. We also present a corporate environmental
crime rate derived from data on violations of the Clean Water Act and describe problems with using it in real world data.
Implications for theory, practice and future research are discussed.
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3.
The promise of experimental criminology is finding ways to reduce harm from crime and injustice. The problem of experimental criminology is that so few experiments produce evidence of big effects from the interventions they test.
One solution to this problem may be concentrating scarce resources for experiments on the “power few:” the small percentage
of places, victims, offenders, police officers or other units in any distribution of crime or injustice which produces the
greatest amount of harm. By increasing the homogeneity and base rates of the samples enrolled in each experiment, the power
few hypothesis predicts increased statistical power to detect program effects. With greater investment of resources, and possibly
less variant responses to greater dosages of intervention—especially interventions of support, as distinct from punishment—we
may also increase our chances of finding politically acceptable interventions that will work.
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4.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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5.
This study considers the degree to which the crime rates of US cities follow a uniform national trend. A nationwide trend
has consequences for theories that explain aggregate changes in crime, but how closely subnational units hold to a common
time path has received almost no research attention. Using annual panel data, the current study presents analyses that attempt
to measure the correspondence between city-level and national-level crime rates. The results of each analysis are consistent
with a clear single pattern that operates across the nation’s major urban areas. This supports the idea that a meaningful
national trend exists, and it suggests the desirability of continuing efforts to explain it.
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6.
The dangers stemming from organized crime have been widely acknowledged in the academic literature, government reports, as
well as in popular discourse. This article focuses on the legislative efforts to define “organized crime” undertaken in Russia
and Canada. Neither country has yet devised a satisfactory legislative definition of the varied phenomenon that is organized
crime. Definitions in both jurisdictions are problematic due to their sweeping scope and insufficient delineation of a zone
of risk for the accused as well as law enforcement officials. However, striking a proper balance between security concerns
and human and civil rights in both countries will be problematic due to constant political pressure to “get tough on crime”
as well as due to the amorphous nature of the phenomenon of organized crime.
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7.
In recent decades, patriarchy has increasingly been posited as an explanation for gender differences in crime and victimization.
While researchers frequently allude to the “patriarchal structure of society” or to “male domination” when discussing their
theoretical perspective or findings, rarely do they articulate their conceptualization of the term. As a result, patriarchy
has been used as an explanatory wild card that lacks specificity and is purported to both increase and decrease female crime
and delinquency. In this paper we examine the conceptualization of patriarchy in criminological theory and research, discuss
why the failure to clearly conceptualize this construct is problematic, and offer potential avenues for operationalizing patriarchy
with the goal of facilitating future research on gender differences in crime.
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8.
There is widespread agreement in criminology that some crimes are more severe than others, but precise definitions of crime
severity and straightforward methods for measuring it have been elusive. Public perceptions of crime severity and economic
estimates of crime costs to society or willingness to pay offer a variety of metrics for the public’s perceptions of severity,
but they may not accurately describe severity as reflected in offender preferences. The behavior of offenders is critical
for understanding developmental progressions in criminal careers, as one may assume that typically more severe offenses are
not undertaken until less severe crimes have been committed. In the present paper we propose an alternative metric of crime
severity, drawing on findings from developmental criminology that indicate that more severe crimes occur after less severe
crimes in the criminal life course, and a method for estimating crime severity that uses the generalized Bradley–Terry model
of multiple paired comparisons. We demonstrate this approach on two samples of youthful offenders: the National Youth Survey
and the RAND Adolescent Outcomes Project. The results suggest that sample-specific estimates of crime severity can be derived,
that these estimates provide insight into the developmental progression of crime, and that they correspond well to crime severity
rankings produced by the public.
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9.
Recent research has demonstrated that burglary clusters in space and time, resulting in temporal changes in crime hotspot
patterns. Offender foraging behavior would yield the observed pattern. The offender as forager hypothesis is tested by analyzing
patterns in two types of acquisitive crime, burglary and theft from motor vehicle (TFMV). Using a technique developed to detect
disease contagion confirms that both crime types cluster in space and time as predicted, but that the space–time clustering
of burglary is generally independent of that for TFMV. Police detections indicate that crimes of the same type occurring closest
to each other in space and time are those most likely to be cleared to the same offender(s), as predicted. The implications
of the findings for crime forecasting and crime linkage are discussed.
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10.
This article examines the media reportage of white-collar crimes, organised crimes and cybercrimes, principally in the British
but also in the US media. It illustrates the ways in which different newspapers depict crime seriousness and how some defendants
adapt to these portrayals. It examines competing explanatory models and suggests that although reportage has an ideological
component, ‘news values’ and production pressures as well as ‘action triggers’ such as prosecutions or regulatory interventions
are important.
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11.
Incarceration rates in many countries (the US and Australia among them) have risen spectacularly over the last twenty years
and are only partially explicable by increases in crime rates. Moreover, in some countries where crime rates have shown a
comparable time-path, incarceration rates have not shown the same spectacular increase. The aim of this paper is to explore
the politics of punishment. The claim is that the US and Australian experiences are best understood in terms of political
considerations; and that this fact lends some support to the “expressive” as distinct from the “interest” approach to electoral
behaviour.
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12.
In this article, I confront Garvey’s argument that a weak-willed individual deserves partial excuse for trying to resist a
strong desire that pushes him toward commission of a criminal act even though in the end he unreasonably abandons his resistance
and commits the crime. I attempt to refute Garvey’s argument on two counts: one, I question whether the law should indeed
provide mitigation to such an offender; and two, I argue that, even if it should, this mitigation may not come in the form
of a partial defense. Defenses, even partial, are desert based, and there is nothing in Garvey’s offender’s circumstances
that makes him less blameworthy for the crime he committed. A court may choose to treat such an offender more leniently but
it should not be mandated to do so.
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13.
Offender profiling postulates that crime scene behavior should predict certain offender characteristics. The aim of this study
is to investigate the relationship between offender characteristics, situational factors, and body disposal patterns. Sequential
logistic regression analysis on a sample of 85 sexual murderers shows that those who were in a relationship at the time of
the crime and who present organized psychological characteristics are more likely to move the victim’s body after the homicide.
However, when the victim is older and a conflict with the offender occurred prior to the crime, the body is more likely to
be left at the crime scene. Implications for offender profiling are discussed in light of the results.
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14.
The National Research Council’s report on evaluating anticrime programs contains sensible suggestions for improving evaluation
research in criminal justice but neglects the important role of substantive theory in linking evaluations of anticrime initiatives
to variation in crime rates across time and place. A working knowledge of crime rates is essential for designing and evaluating
anticrime programs. This essay calls for the development of a policy evaluation infrastructure that would support the continuous
monitoring of crime rates, generate knowledge of crime-producing conditions, and link evaluation research findings to one
another and to expected policy outcomes, notably crime reduction.
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15.
This paper reviews major criminological data collected in China over decades. Very few quantitative criminological data-sets
are available to international and comparative scholars because of the sensitivity of the topic. Studies have been scattered
and intertwined in other areas of study, such as law. However, several major projects have been conducted, although they may
not be widely known to the international research community. The paper describes and analyzes the major projects in terms
of their designs, samples, and measures. It also assesses their nature, scope, and utility that may be informative for further
research on crime and justice in China.
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16.
Several popular narratives assign responsibility to a host of political officials on the local, state, and federal levels
for the excess human suffering stemming from Hurricane Katrina. The three main goals of this article are to (1) summarize
these claims and situate them within the burgeoning literature on state crime in criminology, (2) discern what victims of
the hurricane subjectively identify as the source(s) of their victimization, and (3) compare the latter and the former in
order to demonstrate the appropriateness of conceptualizing the excess suffering of Hurricane Katrina victims as a state crime
of omission. We explore these three subjects through documentary analysis and interviews with thirteen victims of Hurricane
Katrina. Major findings are that all of the interviewees express profound dissatisfaction with various state actions and inactions
before, during, and after Katrina in ways consistent with the documentary and polling data. This constellation of similar
claims and evidence along with the obvious social injury caused by multiple state failures provide the basis for conceptualizing
governmental negligence in the context of Katrina as a state crime of omission.
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17.
A substantial body of empirical research examines how the huge expansion in incarceration in the United States since the early
1970s has influenced crime. These studies merge the effects of three conceptually distinct paths by which incarceration might
reduce crime: general deterrence, specific deterrence and incapacitation. This issue of the Journal focuses specifically on
the incapacitation path. This Introduction reviews the individual papers and offers the editors’ judgment as to the plausibility
of progress using different research strategies. It emphasizes the potential for using individual level data to take advantage
of natural experiments.
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18.
Comparative studies of crime have persistently challenged and daunted criminology scholars. For criminologists studying Japan,
interest has traditionally been focused on the country’s much-heralded low crime rate. The current study examines white-collar
lawbreaking in both the United States and Japan, focusing on similarities and differences in culture, law, criminal justice
system response, corporate governance, and regulation. The study concludes that if Japan’s low crime rate is an enigma to
criminologists, then its ample amounts of white-collar and corporate crime appear that much more puzzling. Given that the
depth of the problem of white-collar crime goes far beyond adjudicated cases, Japan’s remarkably low rate of common crime
is likely eclipsed by its rate of white-collar and corporate crime. The study concludes that the different legal and cultural
contexts of the “law in inaction” go far in explaining the official nonrecognition of white-collar and corporate crime in
both the United States and Japan.
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19.
After the fall of communism in the Soviet Union, newspapers, films, academic researchers and intelligence agencies warned
against a new phenomenon in organized crime: the “Russian mafiya.” In fact, since the fall of the Berlin Wall, Western European
countries have noted an increase in the number of criminals from Central and Eastern Europe. In the mid-1990s, the Dutch judicial
authorities made the issue a priority and established a special team to investigate crime with links to Eastern Europe. From
1999 to 2005, the KT NON crime team published several studies and reports on serious crime of this nature. In this paper,
the authors, who were assigned to the KT NON crime team, discuss the findings of the two most recent publications on the “causes,
nature, scale and threat of Central and Eastern European crime” and “mobile banditry,” respectively. They come to the conclusion
that among other forms of crime, the phenomenon of mobile banditry seems to be the most serious manifestation of crime from
post-communist countries. The Russian mafia was not found.
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20.
This essay provides an economist’s perspective on criminological research into incapacitation effects on crime. Our central
argument is that criminologists would do well to substantially scale back the enterprise of trying to estimate the various
behavioral parameters central to a micro-level approach to measuring incapacitation effects, including the annual rate of
offending outside of prison (λ) and the lengths of criminal careers. One problem with this line of research is practical:
for example, mean estimates of self-reported criminal activity by incarcerated prisoners are quite sensitive to reports by
the most criminally active offenders. But the larger concern is conceptual—the incapacitation effects from a given change
in sentencing policy may be undermined by the possibility of replacement effects, and at the same time omit other benefits
that may arise from deterrent effects on crime. A more promising approach is to identify plausibly exogenous changes in sentencing
policy in order to estimate the net impact on crime from the combined effects of incapacitation, deterrence and replacement.
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