The struggle for nature: Replies

Social Justice, Vol. 23, No. 4, 1996:

Andre E. Guilerme: The Age of Water: the Urban Environ‐ment in the North of France, A.D. 300–1800. College Station: Texas A &; M University Press, 1988.     

A local regulator's rewards for conformity in policy

This note is an empirical investigation of the benefits that accrue to local building departments for a regulatory policy that conforms to the relative strength of local interest groups. The study uses an interest group model and applies it to data for building departments in 1100 municipalities. It finds that material benefits in terms of budgets and salaries go to building agencies which set a strictness of regulation that reflects the balance of interest group strengths in the locality.     

整合广东省干部教育培训资源研究

目前广东省党校的干部教育培训存在整体质量不高的问题，整合广东省教育培训资源是克服当前困局的一副良方。因为它能解决各地党校教育培训针对性不强、质量不高、缺课率高、考核评估不严等弊端。在全省范围内竞标专题课和干部省内异地教育培训，不仅能提高干部教育培训的效果，而且能提高教师的业务素质。     

浅论法律与道德在教学实践中的整合

道德与法律作为上层建筑，起着规范主体的思维、言行和维护社会秩序的作用。目前，道德内在动因推动力与法律外在规范约束力呈现出了一定的不协调性，从而导致了在《思想道德修养与法律基础》课程教学实践中对象表现出意识、行为或评价在一定程度上的混浊。如何实现道德与法律两者的有机协调、互补或聚集，充分体现人们求安全的道德舆论意愿和以人为本的法律精神，使学生既能够正确认识道德与法律的关系，又能够与时俱进地把握道德与法律两者蕴涵的价值及相互联系的发展趋势，具有重要的意义。     

From selective integration into selective implementation: The link between differentiated integration and conformity with EU laws

In recent years, the topic of differentiated integration in the European Union has become increasingly discussed in both political science research and politics in general. Whereas differentiated integration is viewed as necessary for deeper cooperation, recent findings suggest that it increases the gulf between participants and non‐participants, making it difficult for non‐participating countries to join in later negotiations. However, there is a lack of theoretical and empirical work regarding the relationship between different levels of participation in the EU and national policy outcomes. This article addresses this question by comparing the policy outcomes in fully participating, selectively participating (opting‐in) and non‐participating (opting‐out) EU Member States relative to EU legislation. The findings show that selective participation (opting‐in) increases state conformity with EU laws relative to no integration at all (opting‐out), but it does not completely bridge the gap between fully integrated Member States and non‐participants. The results suggest that countries with flexible arrangements are generally less likely to implement EU laws than full participants, even when they choose to legally commit to the EU requirements. This finding raises some further questions about the rationale behind selective participation and its consequences for policy conformity, if its application expands to other policy areas and more Member States in the future.     

从按劳分配到生产要素按贡献参与分配

党的十六大提出的“确立劳动、资本、技术和管理等生产要素按贡献参与分配的原则”具有重大意义。对马克思的劳动价值论进行深入剖析后可知,马克思并不是价值一元论者,而是价值多元论者,但他的价值论和西方经济学的价值论有所不同。当今社会的按劳分配只能且理应是在生产要素按贡献分配范畴内的按劳动力价值分配。之所以强调按劳分配为主,并不是因为其与生产要素按贡献分配是两个不同的分配范畴,而是因为在生产诸要素中,劳动是唯一的主观因素,是价值的唯一源泉和价值大小的首要决定因素。惟有理清按劳分配与生产要素按贡献分配的关系,才能真正廓清非劳动收入与剥削收入的关系。     

Resorting to Statism to Find Meaning

The paper develops the idea of configuration of ownership to distinguish three primary political ideologies: (classical) liberalism, conservatism, and leftism. The liberal configuration is atomistic in its recognition of owners and ownership claims; it conforms closely to Adam Smith’s “commutative justice,” which Smith represented as a sort of social grammar. The conservative configuration also strives for a social grammar, but it counts among the set of owners certain spirit-lords such as God and Patria. The liberal and conservative configurations become isomorphic if and only if the ownership claims of the conservative spirit-lords are reduced to nothing. The left configuration ascribes fundamental ownership of resources to the people, the state, and sees laws as organizational house-rules into which one enters voluntary by choosing to remain within the polity; the type of justice that pertains is parallel to Smith’s “distributive justice,” which Smith associated with aspirational rules for achieving beauty in composition. The scheme illuminates why the left’s conception of liberty consists in civil liberties. The formulation of configurations is used to interpret the semantics of the three primary ideologies. Meanwhile, it is noted that actually existing parties and movements are admixtures of the three primary ideologies. For example, what makes Republicanism “conservative” is that it is relatively conservative; it by no means thoroughly or consistently rejects the precept of collective ownership by the polity.

历史学的社会适应问题探析

为了使历史学更好地适应社会,历史学走向大众,历史教育与研究也趋于社会化,但在将历史学推向社会的过程中也产生了诸多问题,因此,历史学适应社会要有正确的方向。     

Voting to anger and to please others

A person may vote for a candidate to please citizens who prefer the same candidate, and to anger citizens who dislike the candidate. Such behavior is consistent with high turnout (though any one vote is unlikely to be decisive), with strategic voting, and with candidates adopting divergent positions.     

From primary goods to capabilities to well-being

Amartya Sen’s The Idea of Justice (2009 Sen, A. 2009. The idea of justice, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) mistakenly characterizes transcendental accounts of justice as being unable to compare non-ideal alternatives, and thus misfires as a criticism of Robert Nozick and John Rawls. In fact, Nozick’s disinterest in when rights may be overridden does not bespeak indifference to specific questions of comparative assessment, and Lockean rights do give determinate advice in everyday circumstances. Sen correctly reports that Rawls’s theory is defective at giving practical normative advice, but the basic problem is the over-rigidity of Rawls’s absolute priority relations, not transcendentalism. Sen’s search for a complete moral theory requires that he produce one. Act consequentialism is one promising complete theory of justice, having both transcendental grounding and clear methods for comparative assessment. I also propose moving from Sen’s capabilities standard of social justice to one based on functioning. The latter facilitates distinguishing between trivial and worthless capabilities and important and worthwhile ones, and focuses social justice more squarely on the end of well-being.     

应对突发事件的政策环境建设

为了有效应对突发事件,在制定突发事件应对措施时,应加强政策环境建设。加强政策环境建设有重要的意义,它是有效应对突发事件的基础和出发点,决定着应对突发事件的政策的变化和发展方向,界定了应对突发事件政策的目标和内容选择。可采取的具体措施主要有:建立强大的经济后盾,为突发事件创造物质保障;增强全民的道德伦理教育,为突发事件创造稳定的环境;加强政府的危机管理水平,使突发事件的危害降低到最小程度;加强政策立法,使应急措施权威化;建立强大的信息反馈系统,使突发事件及早就诊。