Peter Berger and His Critics: The Significance of Emergence

Peter Berger has attempted to develop an account of the relationship between social structure and human agency that navigates a middle way between voluntarism and determinism. Berger’s approach has been criticised by social theorists for reproducing, rather than transcending, the very errors of voluntarism and determinism that he strives to avoid. However, the critics have focused on Berger’s explicit, meta-theoretical pronouncements about the nature or ontology of the social world, whilst ignoring the more sophisticated account of the structure agency relationship that is implicit in, and presupposed by, his substantive sociological research. The notions of ‘emergence’ and ‘emergent properties’ are used to develop an account of the structure-agency relationship that is consistent with Berger’s concrete sociological work, whilst avoiding the shortcomings of his explicit reflections about the nature of the social world.     

哲学批评学:定义、框架与必要性

"哲学批评"是两个或两个以上的哲学家、两个或两个以上的哲学流派、两部或两部以上的哲学著作之间的批评."哲学批评学"可以定义为"概括和总结哲学批评活动之功能、原则、方法、规律等等的一门科学"."哲学批评学"的总体框架以哲学批评的定性、哲学批评的模式考察、哲学批评的历史考察为"三根支柱".建设"哲学批评学"的必要性,可以从如下方面去看:哲学的本性要求"哲学批评学"的构建;中国哲学研究的现状要求"哲学批评学"的构建;哲学领域的学科完善要求"哲学批评学"的构建;哲学领域中众多批评材料要求"哲学批评学"的构建.     

系统理论在我国社区工作中的应用

社会工作常常强调"人在情境中"的思维方式,要求把人们所遇到的问题与环境结合起来进行剖析。系统理论中"整体"的概念也要求把人和其周围环境联系起来,并作为一个统一体看待,与"人在情境中"有异曲同工之妙。试图从系统理论的角度出发,并结合社区工作的具体实践,来阐述系统理论在我国社区工作中的应用。     

Crises and Paradigm Shift: A Response to Critics

International financial and regulatory reform continues in 2014, building upon the burst of crisis‐induced institutional and regulatory reforms begun in 2008. In particular, the Financial Stability Board is an element and an agent of reform and this paradigm shift. The leap taken was and remains a predominantly technocratic central banking macroprudential narrative and process, controlled by this elite epistemic community. As the new regulatory normal evolves in 2014, it now does so at a slower pace, as the crisis appears to abate. Today elements of paradigm defence, maintenance and resilience are seen.     

新公共管理及其批评家（上）

新公共管理只不过是将公共管理等同于一个蛋糕配方而已；它由一系列实践组成，这些实践可以轻易地从一个化或政治体系中移植到另一个化或政治体系中。如果这是事实，那么关于其原则和范式的讨论就是学究式的；我们只需要确认最好的实践。政治家的职责就在于认识到：他们只需要打开书籍，遵从其中的指导就会获益匪浅。不过，即使是在经合组织国家内部，这也并非完全可行的。在欧洲，各经合组织国家的政治和化传统有着本质的差别。经合组织内部的差异已经延伸到了墨西哥、日本和韩国，甚至是匈牙利、捷克共和国和波兰。既然新公共管理理论的适用性和有效性在国与国之间会有很大的区别，那么我们就面临着巨大的挑战，即：我们怎样才能将这些理论应用到新的环境中去?     

从“文化堕距”理论看城中村村民的社会化——以太原市城中村改造为例

"文化堕距"是美国社会学家威廉·费尔丁·奥格本针对社会变迁过程中,文化中的一部分落后于其他部分这一现象而提出的理论.在城中村改造过程中,文化堕距问题在城中村村民身上体现得比较明显:其外在身份改变快于内在素质提高、外部环境变化快于心理调适速度、客观制度设置快于主观规范意识的建立.为此.需要从提升城中村村民的科技文化素质、思想道德素质和健康素质方面入手,增强其对社会变迁与发展的适应能力,尽快消除文化堕距.     

The European Community: A Balancing Act

The European Community has traditionally been analyzed usingtheories and concepts drawn from international relations ratherthan from federalism. This article emphasizes the balance betweenthe representation of territorial and nonterritorial interestsin the Community and argues that concepts drawn from federalismcan be useful in analytically understanding the Community aslong as the American model of federalism is not viewed as thenecessary federal referent. It describes the relative importanceof the territorial dimension within the major Community institutions—theCommission, the Council of Ministers, the European Council,the European Parliament, and the European Court of Justice.The Court of Justice, it is argued, is particularly importantin giving the Community a "federal" contour. However, its methodof operation differentiates it in important ways from the Americanjudiciary. The role of territorial politics within the Communityis such that the Community's policymaking process, while unique,is certainly recognizable to students of comparative federalism.     

The Moral Community and Immigration

In “Which American Dream Do You Mean?” David Stoll never justified his assumption that Guatemalans who want to immigrate to America have a moral claim on our attention. The “conversation” he describes really involves only Americans as only they are held responsible for immigration. Some advocates justify immigration on the basis of rights while others appeal to compassion, but both assign all responsibility to rich Americans and none to the sending societies. A huge moral asymmetry separates the West, which is assumed capable of achieving civic values from the non-West, which is not. Americans hunger for a more candid conversation about how to distribute the responsibility for immigration. That is essential to legitimizing immigration policy and preserving the civic character of American society.     

北京市社区商业服务的发展:难点与对策

随着北京经济社会不断发展和城市建设不断加速,居民对社区商业服务的需求愈益迫切.本文从实证研究角度,讨论了北京市加快发展社区商业服务的意义,分析了当前所面临的主要困难,并提出了相应的思路和对策.     

城市社区建设与社区自治组织的发展

社会共同体的自治理念与现代宪政理论的发展是社区自治的理论与思想基础。在“自我管理、自我服务、自我教育”指导下的社区选举、社区财务、社区管理服务是社区自治组织自治性的具体体现。社区建设的发展对社区自治组织的自治提出了更高的要求，社区居民委员会自治能力的提高成为社区建设与发展的关键所在。通过完善与改进社区选举制度提高社区居民自主推举社区管理的能力，同时，提高社区居民委员会的财务自主能力和自我管理与服务的能力以及加强居民委员会的自身建设，是推动社区自治组织发展的重要途径。     

《德意志意识形态》:理论与实践的双重意蕴

《德意志意识形态》是体现马克思哲学变革的重要文本。在这本著作中,马克思确立了以生产逻辑为基础的历史唯物主义构架,这一构架特别体现在三个方面:一是社会存在决定社会意识,这为我们反思意识形态、实现社会历史批判提供了重要的理论基础;二是生产力的发展推动着社会历史的发展,特别是历史向世界历史转变,这为我们认识当代社会的走向,特别是全球化时代的社会走向提供了方法论指导;三是在生产力发展与世界历史格局的基础上,实现共产主义,这为社会发展确立了方向。重读《德意志意识形态》,不仅需要展现马克思哲学变革的内在逻辑,还要展现这一文本的历史意义。     

公共管理的理论源流与变革

通过“新公共管理运动”而从传统公共行政理论范式中分化出来的“公共管理”，体现了一种新的理论范式整合。传统的公共行政，以韦伯的官僚制来破解庇护主义，以政治／行政分开来化解政党分肥，以官制度来建构行政组织的基本规范，以泰勒主义来保证效率行政的主导地位。这种行政改进逐渐变成公共行政中的教条主义。结果，官僚制成了官僚主义的代名词，政治／行政两分成了“两张皮”，官制度变成了族主义，效率主导变成了缺乏效果的效率。求解这些疑难导致了传统公共行政范式向“新公共管理”范式的转移。而突出公共性、现代性和综合性的公共管理的理论建构，就是以公共行政为底色而对新公共管理或管理主义、政策分析以及20世纪80年代兴起的公共治理理论的一次理论整合。     

Fiscal Crisis and Community Development: The Great Recession,Support Networks,and Community Development Corporation Capacity

Community development corporations (CDC) are a cornerstone of neighborhood improvement in legacy cities. Yet they face challenges that threaten their financial sustainability, challenges that grew exponentially with the Great Recession. This article examines the impact of the Great Recession on the revenue and survival of CDC in Baltimore, Maryland; Cleveland, Ohio; and Detroit, Michigan. An analysis of financial data from the National Center for Charitable Statistics from 2004 to 2011 highlights issues of industry contraction, revenue concentration and loss, and CDC survival. Interviews and examination of multiple secondary sources of information on CDC activity and support networks in each city further our understanding of the financial results. We find that the CDC industry in all three cities was severely impacted by the Great Recession and that the CDC support networks in each city had a significant intervening effect on the ability of CDC to adapt to the fiscal and service pressures created by the recession. We discuss the implications of the shared trends and the city-specific dynamics for the role of CDC in neighborhood improvement in legacy cities.     

The Spanish Intelligence Community: A Diffuse Reality

The functioning and composition of the Spanish Intelligence Community is not regulated in detail by any legal regulations, and neither the intelligence service nor the government have specified these despite the repeated references they make to them. This article sets out to establish what actually constitutes the Intelligence Community in Spain; thus, after a brief theoretical discussion in which the two major categories of members – consumers and producers – are identified, a model of the intelligence community in Spain is set forth on the basis of the interrelations between its members and their roles in the decision-making process. In its preparation, besides analyzing the existing legislation, 52 interviews were carried out with individual participants in all the structures, so as to reach an understanding of the role played by each one, to evaluate its performance and to propose some guidelines for improvement.     

Gender Analysis and Community Consultation: The Role of Women's Policy Units

Community consultation has become a widely accepted part of policy development in Australia. In this article, we consider how, in an Australian context, consultation can be incorporated within gender analysis processes. Gender analysis refers to systematic procedures to detect and correct gender bias in the full range of government programs, projects and policies. We draw upon insights from a qualitative case study to argue that policy workers located within women's policy units could play a key role in designing and coordinating meaningful and inclusive consultation. We conclude that well‐resourced women's policy offices within Australian governments are essential to ensuring effective, equitable consultation exercises are included within gender analysis processes.