U.S. hegemony and Southeast Asia

The United States has exerted a major influence on Southeast Asia, especially since World War II. As both a promoter of neoliberal reform and as the key strategic actor in the wider East Asian region, the impact of U.S. power has been immense. But both the Asian economic crisis and its aftermath, and the more recent “war on terror,” have highlighted the contradictory impact of evolving U.S. foreign policy and intervention in the region. At both an elite and a mass level there is evidence of resentment about, and hostility toward, U.S. policy and its perceived negative effects. This article outlines how U.S. foreign policy has impacted the region in the economic, political, and security spheres, and argues that not only has it frequently not achieved its goals, but it may in fact be undermining both America's long-term hegemonic position in the region and any prospects for political liberalization.     

U.S.-China relations in the post-cold war period: A Chinese perspective

After the collapse of the Soviet Union the anti-Soviet rationale for U.S.-China ties was exhausted. Today, both countries are trying to define the new foundation and intrinsic value of their long-term relationship in the post-cold war era. Although human rights, trade, and weapons proliferation issues were major obstacles to the improvement of bilateral relations, recent developments have shown that by making mutual concessions and showing good will, the PRC and the United States can avert confrontation and build a constructive relationship. He was a visiting scholar at Stanford University between 1993 and 1994.     

冷战时期美国对东南亚的文化外交

二战结束后,随着冷战的逐步展开,美国政府通过对文化外交行政主管机构的整合、国会的一系列立法,与苏联为首的社会主义阵营展开了"文化冷战".冷战时期,美国在东南亚开展的文化外交主要有三种表现形式,即以富布赖特项目为代表的教育交流外交、以图书馆建设和图书翻译及传播为特征的图书外交,以及文艺表演外交.美国在东南亚地区开展的文化外交活动促使该地区部分国家的国民(尤其是社会精英阶层)了解并接受了美国的思想文化和价值观念,培养了一批具有社会影响力的"亲美"人士,进而推动了美国在东南亚地区的文化渗透.另一方面,美国的文化外交在某些情况下也给东南亚国家的统治阶层带来了一些麻烦,同时也引起了企图延缓东南亚非殖民化、希望继续控制东南亚地区的英国、法国等老牌殖民地宗主国的反感.此外,美国文化外交的扩张主义本质,以及美国在该地区的政治、军事行动与其在文化外交项目中标榜的国家形象显著冲突,也使得美国文化外交影响力的发挥大打折扣.     

浅析奥巴马政府的东南亚外交

"9·11"事件后,美国在全球反恐战争的大背景下"重返"东南亚.但是,由于美国的东南亚外交缺乏连贯、全面的战略安排以及政策上的失误,美国在该地区的战略影响力不升反降.奥巴马政府上台以来,在确保其东南亚战略利益和战略目标基本不变前提下的,在"巧实力"外交理念的指导下,全面介入该地区的各项事务.美国在东南亚外交上的调整必将对该地区权力格局的演变及地区安全秩序的塑造产生重大影响.     

美国重返东南亚的中国因素与中国的战略应对

控制东南亚是冷战后美国亚太战略的重要步骤.最近,美国加入《东南亚友好合作条约》,并宣布重返东南亚,其主要的战略意图是牵制中国.美国重返东南亚对中国的消极影响大于其积极影响,中国政府必须采取相应的战略对策,包括加强与东南亚国家的关系,推进东亚经济区域合作,建立东亚安全共同体以及促进中美关系等.     

美国在英属东南亚殖民地非殖民化过程中的政策及其作用

战后初期,一方面由于美国认为英国所采取的殖民政策较为开明,基本符合美国所倡导的渐进的非殖民化模式;另一方面出于自身经济利益和冷战形势下全球战略的考虑,美国默认了英国殖民主义在东南亚的继续存在.英国国力的衰落使其在东南亚地区的影响逐步萎缩,美国以介入战后东南亚非殖民化的过程为契机,开始在塑造该地区未来秩序的过程中起到领导性的作用,并对英帝国的非殖民化施加了一定影响.美英之间历经从战时开始的合作与冲突,以大英帝国的瓦解而告结束,完成了战后世界霸权的转移.     

“9·11”后美国在东南亚的反恐活动

"9·11"后,美国将注意力集中到东南亚,将之视为反恐战争的"第二战线".在东南亚的反恐活动中,美国着重于打击海上恐怖主义袭击,在与东南亚国家加强反恐合作的同时,也对东南亚几个国家提供了军事援助和联合进行反恐军事演习.     

ASEAN at 40: Prospects for Community Building in Southeast Asia

In 2007, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations attempted to celebrate its 40^th founding anniversary with a bang as it was about to set another milestone, which is the signing of the ASEAN Charter. However, the celebration was overshadowed by the political crisis in Myanmar following the military's crackdown on protesting monks and their democratic supporters. The inability of ASEAN to influence events in that country became the focus of public attention in the region and the international community. Even the much-vaunted milestone of finally having an ASEAN Charter was a major disappointment for many in Southeast Asia as the final document signed by ASEAN leaders was everything but bold, forward-looking, and transformative. It became an object of criticism mainly by some think tanks and civil society groups in the region because it paled in comparison to the recommendations of the Eminent Persons Group that drafted the blueprint of what the ASEAN Charter should look like.

This article describes the major milestones and turning points of ASEAN's regionalism project over the last forty years. It also attempts to identify the major issues and challenges to ASEAN's community building efforts in the future. The main argument of this article is that ASEAN's continuing relevance to the people of the region can be ensured only if it seriously opens up to greater participatory regionalism. Only then can ASEAN be transformed into a truly people-centered organization.     

Showtime for Southeast Asia: An economic and political crossroads

In the ASEAN region, booming exports and imports, and rapidly rising per capita incomes, have brought new challenges to trade policy. ASEAN is promoting its own “free trade area”; the United States backs the much wider and all-inclusive APEC format; and Malaysia urges a “caucus” restricted ethnically and racially to East Asians. The result is a genuine trade debate, along lines familiar in the already-industrialized nations. If ASEAN follows genuine openness there are considerable opportunities, but if it takes the timeworn paths of protectionism, restrictions on investment, and excessive sensitivity to fears of “foreign manipulation,” the future is liable to be less bright.     

20世纪50年代美国东南亚区域经济合作政策的演变

20世纪50年代是美国开始构建其对东南亚区域经济合作政策的起始阶段。这一政策缘起于美国政府自身所具有的强烈冷战意识,其区域经济合作构想的几度勃兴都与东南亚冷战局势的变化有关。由于受制于自身为解决财政赤字问题而采取的财政保守主义政策,美国政府不愿因为东南亚国家经济发展问题而扩大自身的财政开支,这令美国推动的东南亚区域经济合作效果不彰。这一矛盾不仅决定了当时美国对东南亚区域经济合作政策的起伏,而且对今天美国的相关实践也依然产生着影响。     

Power transition in Northeast Asia: U.S.-China security perceptions and the challenges of systemic adjustment and stability

This article argues that the rise of China and the changing North-east Asian balance of power are creating the classical adjustment problems of Great Power international relations historically associated with power transitions and that three types of misperceptions across five important issues in the Sino-American security relationship are interfering with the prospects of achieving the systemic adjustments required for long-term stability. Power transition and the rise of China are seen as potentially undermining stability in four ways: (1) by generating security dilemmas and arms races, (2) by contributing to increased incidence of conflicting security interests, (3) by aggravating South china Sea maritime disputes, and (4) by undermining Chinese domestic stability in a manner which potentially results in a hostile regime that adopts an aggressive foreign policy coming to power at some point in the future. Systemic adjustment is defined as the process by which major powers peacefully reconcile their opposing interests and is viewed as being an essential feature of stability over the long term. The article argues that three types of misperceptions concerning: (1) salient issues, (2) security interests, and (3) the influence of domestic politics on foreign policy are manifesting themselves in misunderstandings of five security issues that are impeding the systemic adjustment process. These five issues are: (1) the nature of post-cold war Sino-American security relations and international politics, (2) the role of democracy and U.S. human rights in foreign policy, (3) the significance of China’s South China Sea policy, (4) Middle East diplomacy and arms sales, and (5) nuclear weapons and arms control policy. The article concludes with a discussion of policy implications that stresses the importance of consultation and dialogue to reduce misperceptions.     

九一一事件后美国在东南亚的军事存在及其影响

九一一事件后,美国强化了在东南亚的军事存在与合作,表现出谋求在东南亚更多的“准入”和使用设施权、在强化双边军事合作的同时积极开展多边军事演习与合作、美日澳三国安全合作与东南亚合作相结合建立环太平洋安全网络、更加关注海上安全等新的特点。美国在东南亚的新军事态势对地区和中国安全环境有重要影响。     

U.S. Policy in East Asia and the pacific: Building on the past and the present for the future

The author persuasively argues that U.S. policy in the Asia-Pacific region has been and must continue to be based upon four fundamental principles: 1) genuine respect for the interests and prerogatives of the peoples of the region; 2) support for the establishment of democratic institutions and processes in East Asia and the Pacific; 3) the expansion of trade and investment with basic reliance on the market forces of competition and free enterprise; and 4) recognition that peace and stability are best facilitated by addressing specific sources of regional tension.     

The Soviet union,Japan, and east Asia: The security dimension

This article explores the ways in which the Gorbachev regime has tried to improve what Soviet policymakers perceive as an unfavorable balance of power in Northeast Asia. It argues that Gorbachev’s initial response, which emphasized regional arms control proposals, has not been successful because Japanese leaders do not see them as meaningful concessions. More recent changes in Soviet policy offer greater prospects for accommodation. Changes in the global East-West environment and domestic trends in Japan also may have a positive impact on Soviet-Japanese security relations. She is the author ofJapan and Arms Control (Canadian Centre for Arms Control and Disarmament, Ottawa, 1987).     

美国次贷危机及其对东南亚经济的影响

2007年初的美国次级住房抵押贷款出现还款困难,进而引发以其为基础资产的证券化产品--次贷危机,并波及世界金融市场.本文着重对次级债的界定、次贷危机的特点和传导机制进行分析,从贸易、投资及资本市场的视角,详细地阐述了次贷危机对东盟国家的影响,并讨论东盟国家相应的对策.     

US security strategy in Asia and the prospects for an Asian regional security regime

The US–Japan alliance serves as the cornerstone of US security strategy in East Asia. The Bush administration remains supportive of efforts by Japan to become a more “normal” nation and is expected, during its second term, to continue to encourage Tokyo to play a more active role in regional security (while refraining from open pressure or from meddling in the debate over constitutional revision). The Pentagon's ongoing Global Force Review will likely result in some modest adjustments in the US military footprint in Japan, but with no lessening of Washington's overall commitment or ability to respond to regional crises. Meanwhile, Washington will continue to support institutionalized multilateral mechanisms (including sub-regional efforts that do not include the US) as useful means to promote regional security and coordinate counter-terrorism efforts, while relying on ad hoc coalitions (or unilateral actions if necessary) to address specific threats to its own security or to the security of its allies.     

冷战时期美国对东南亚区域合作的政策选择--从东约（SEATO）到东盟（ASEAN）

受冷战的影响,20世纪50-70年代的东南亚区域合作经历了由外源型向内生型的方式转换。外来因素不仅塑造了东南亚区域主义基本样式,决定了区域合作的性质,而且极大地影响了区域合作的发展进程和方向。在众多的外部因素中,域外大国,尤其是西方阵营的主导性国家———美国的外交政策发挥着关键作用。冷战时期,美国对东南亚区域合作的政策也经历了由积极介入、强力主导到施加间接影响的转变,主要体现在对东约（ SEATO）和东盟（ ASEAN）这两个不同性质的区域合作组织采取不同的政策。本文即选取这两个区域组织为案例,通过对史料的解读,分析冷战时期美国对东南亚不同类型的区域组织采取不同政策的原因和政策实施效果。     

Human rights and U.S.-Japan relations in Asia: Divergent allies

The United States has adopted a high-profile approach to pressure Asian governments to improve human rights and move toward democracy. Japan, in contrast, has avoided confronting its Asian neighbors over human rights while balancing between Asia and the West. Japan’s reluctance, in supporting the U.S., except in the multilateral context, has strengthened the position of Asian nations sanctioned by the West. Japan’s approach is explained by its lack of interests and convictions about promoting human rights in Asia, its past aggression in the region, the absence of explicit United States pressure on Japan and the deterrent effect of strong Asian opposition to foreign intervention on human rights. An earlier version of this article was presented at the International Studies Association Conference in Minneapolis in March 1998. I appreciate Davis Bobrow, Peter Li, Ryo Oshiba and Motoko Shuto for their very useful comments. Any errors in the paper are of course mine alone.     

主导性国家与东盟安全共同体的建构——兼谈美国重返东南亚对建构东盟安全共同体的影响

当下,东盟安全共同体的建构正面临着重重阻碍,主要表现为规范难以建立、制度难以生成和国家间集体认同的单薄。与此同时,2009年后美国开始执行的重返东南亚的外交策略对东盟安全共同体的建构也产生了不可忽视的作用。以上两方面的因素都影响着东盟安全共同体的最终形成。基于此,本文认为,东盟安全共同体建构的关键性问题在于主导性国家的缺失;而美国对东盟安全共同体建构的强势介入在短期内有利于安全共同体的推进,但长期来看却会阻碍主导性国家的确立从而不利于东盟安全共同体的建构。     

INFORMATIONAL CAPITALISM AND U.S. ECONOMIC HEGEMONY: Resistance and Adaptations in East Asia

This article promotes a “cultural international political economy” approach to globalization in East Asia in the so-called information age. It emphasizes the inherently discursive as well as material character of economic relations and their embedding in a complex web of different scales of action from local to global. Thus it introduces the policy discourses related to two major components in recent efforts to renew U.S. hegemony: promotion of the Global Information Infrastructure and the global expansion of intellectual property rights through the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights agreement. This initiative has enabled the emergence of a hegemonic GII-IPR-TRIPs complex supported by transnational informational capital, trade-related committees, and state agencies. This complex has triggered several forms of resistance and adaptation in East Asia. Targets of this resistance have been the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers and the GII-IPR-TRIPs complex itself. Modes of counterhegemonic resistance have included state strategic support for the Linux movement as well as everyday tactics of software piracy. In addition, subhegemonic forces (e.g., APEC and national governments) have been acting as translating centers that help shape responses to efforts to consolidate the hegemony of the GII-IPR-TRIPs complex at regional levels.