Smuggling of Human Beings from a Human Rights Perspective: Obligations of Non-State and State Actors under International Human Rights Law

Although trafficking of human beings has been widely regardedas a human rights issue, little attention has been paid to humanrights aspects of smuggling as it is mainly characterised asfacilitation of illegal migration. The purpose of this articleis to demonstrate that smuggling of human beings equally raiseshuman rights concerns. The article begins by exploring the definitionsof trafficking and smuggling and their policy implications.It then highlights some human rights issues inherent in theact by examining its causes, process and consequences. It continueswith an analysis of human rights obligations imposed upon non-Stateand State actors. The fact that non-State actors are not helddirectly accountable under international human rights law pointsto an investigation of legal obligations imposed upon States,and this article examines an obligation to protect victims asan example.     

论国际人权法对国际刑法的影响

冷战结束后,国际人权法获得了较为广阔的生长空间,国际刑法也进入复兴和快速发展的阶段。国际人权法对国际刑法各个领域的影响都十分明显,从基本原则到具体规则,从实体法到程序法,从刑罚制度设计到刑罚的执行,并努力在保护被害人与保障被告人权利两者之间保持微妙的平衡。然而,透过国际人权法推动国际刑法发展的帷幔,不难发现其背后＂人权＂和＂主权＂之间的紧张博弈：为保护人权,国际人权法引领着国际刑法试图突破国家领土的藩篱进而穿透国家主权的坚硬＂铠甲＂;国家则奋力祭起＂主权＂大旗并诉诸＂司法独立＂的坚固盾牌,抵御某些外部政治实体利用国际刑事司法机构干涉其内政、侵蚀其＂司法独立＂,以最大限度地维护国家利益。     

社会性别与国际人权法

社会性别在 2 0世纪 80年代成为联合国框架下的一个重要分析范畴。社会性别分析超越了以往仅仅关注妇女为一个孤立群体的做法 ,强调审视政策、法律和项目对男女产生的不同影响和作用。女权主义法学引入社会性别分析透视普遍国际人权标准 ,提出从社会性别视角重新概念化国际人权规范与标准的必要性 ,以使其能够真正反映男女两性的经历、利益和需要 ,最终有利于保障两性平等和妇女平等享有各项人权和基本自由。联合国层面 2 0世纪 90年代以来致力于将妇女人权纳入人权活动的主流表明 ,社会性别主流化在日益发挥重要影响和作用     

The International Committee of the Red Cross and International Human Rights Law

Throughout a considerable part of its history, the InternationalCommittee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has customarily refrainedfrom invoking international human rights law, for reason ofthis law's alleged politicisation. However, the changing characterof armed conflicts and other situations of violence where theICRC is currently operating have prompted it to set a frameworkfor making some limited use of selected and applicable humanrights, for the purpose of reinforcing the protection and assistanceit provides. This article examines how the ICRC may use humanrights in this way during armed conflicts, through the prismof international humanitarian law, as well as the conditionsfor their invocation in accordance with relevant ICRC doctrines.     

论国际法上的人权保护

尊重和保护人权是各国应负的国际义务 ,各国均应采取必要的措施来保护人权。作者指出 ,保护人权与维护主权二者并不相悖 ,各国只有在平等、相互尊重主权的基础上 ,才能促进人权保护的发展。     

Hierarchy in International Law: The Human Rights Dimension

Netherlands International Law Review -     

论国际人权法中的平等与不歧视

国际人权法对我国是越来越重要的领域 ,而几乎所有的国际人权文件都包含平等与不歧视的内容。平等与不歧视成为国际人权法的核心。本文着重论述和分析了主要的国际人权文件中有关平等与不歧视的规定 ,揭示了平等与不歧视既是一般原则又是一项独立的权利 ,从法律效力上讲 ,它已经具有了强行法的地位。国家在国际人权法下承担不歧视的积极义务。     

论国际人权立法的中国化——以民主权为中心

如何建立足以对接、通融国际人权理念的国内人权立法的整合机制,是国际人权立法中国化必须首先解决的问题。民主权是一种新兴的人权。民主权立法"中国化"面临着理念整合、合法性、有效性等困境,其具体克服路径即在于:通过直接进行普适性与特殊性的价值调适以实现理念整合,建构具备与公众参与及自治相关的正当程序内涵的立法制度,藉此导出各公共领域内民主权的具体内容并确立其实现与救济的相关法律制度。     

Kriangsak Kittichaisaree: International Human Rights Law and Diplomacy

Liverpool Law Review -     

国际人权标准与我国刑法人身权保护的发展方向

本文以我国参加和承认的国际人权条约为根据,总结了人身权刑法保护的一般国际标准,以我国法律框架为背景说明了我国人身权刑法保护的基本状况,提出了根据国际人权标准提高我国人身权保护的水平和提高中国人身权保护水平的方向性思考,指出降低起刑点才是改革中国刑事法律制度以及法律制度的正确方向.     

论中国宪法与国际人权法对三代人权的保护

在人类发展的不同历史阶段上,在同一历史时期不同社会发展水平的空间分布上,人权都被赋予了不同的内容。迄今,已产生了三代人权。国际社会制定了一系列的国际人权文件,从国际法上对三代人权予以确认。中华人民共和国成立以后,借鉴有关国际人权法和外国宪法,先后颁布了四部宪法和相关修正案,对三代人权予以不同程度的确认,但也还有一些基本人权没有涉及,或者尚未明示确认。建议以后修宪时将三代人权的主要内容明确、完整地予以确认,必要时可作适当声明和保留,以完善我国宪法对三代人权的保护。     

区域性人权保护制度对全球性国际人权保护的启示

尽管目前已存在为数不少的国际人权公约,国际社会成员也越来越多地加入这些公约,但全球范围内国际人权保护的效果并不明显。相比而言,区域性人权保护制度更具可行性。区域性人权保护制度在人权保护中取得了显著成绩,对全球性国际人权保护有重大启迪作用。     

The Law Lords and Human Rights

This article presents an empirical analysis of the impact of the Human Rights Act on the House of Lords. Drawing on a database of judgments from 1994 to 2007, changes in judgment‐giving behaviour are identified by charting patterns of agreement and dissent across different categories of case. Voting records are also examined in order to identify whether significant differences exist between individual Law Lords in their approach to human rights cases.     

国际刑法维度的人权思考

立足于国际刑法的维度思考人权,首先应该通过明确国际刑法的研究对象、揭示其刑事法属性以及维护国际社会共同利益的目标来确立研究的视角。国际刑法对人权的研究中存在的意识形态的烙印、视野的狭隘、中心主义的思维定式以及盲目的偶像崇拜等若干理论争点,应厘清人权的涵义、属性、主体以及内容等,树立人权乃是人类尊严和基本价值的理念。     

The Political Offender Exception in International Extradition Law: Terrorism Versus Human Rights

The political offense exception in the law of international extradition is one of the issues over which the justifiability of terrorist violence is being debated. The evolution of the political offender exception is sketched and the provisions of the 1986 Supplementary Treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom, which effectively eliminated the political offender exception for violent offenders, are outlined. The debate over the merits of the Treaty then is summarized. A concluding analysis suggests that limited violence is justified in defense of democracy and fundamental human rights and that the political offender exception should be interpreted so as to promote these values.     

Counter-Terrorism Strategies,Human Rights and International Law: Meeting the Challenges

Netherlands International Law Review -