民营企业法律保障初探

民营企业是与国有国营企业相对应的一种企业类型 ,是民间主体经营除国家投资、国家经营企业以外的企业形式 ,包括国有国营企业外的其他公有民营企业、私有民营企业和公私混合民营企业。发展民营企业是目前我国社会主义市场经济的需要 ,对民营企业进行平等的法律保护也是社会主义法制的要求。然而 ,是否需要对民营企业进行专门的立法 ,学界存在不同的看法。就目前我国的立法状况而言 ,民营企业的法律保障应立足于现有法律法规的修正、补充、整合和协调 ,不宜制定专门的民营企业保护立法     

Citizen Orientations Toward State and Non-State Policing*

In contemporary Western societies, policing has become associated with the state although this practice is of recent origin and by no means universal. Even within post-industrial states, non-state forms of policing exist and may be a rediscovered source of social control. A survey of subway riders in New York City provides information about citizen dispositions toward policing by state and non-state sources. It was found that respondents are substantially more supportive of a self designated citizen anti-crime organization, the Guardian Angels, than they are of the New York City Transit Police although a sizable number of respondents support both sources of policing. Differential assessment is related to perception of crime trends, the degrees to which respondents believe bystanders will intervene on their behalf in the event of a crime, fear of victimization and the reported likelihood that respondents will intervene. Such findings are useful in addressing general theoretical issues respecting the basis for support of state and non-state policing and their relative role in social control.     

论环境民事诉讼的地域管辖

环境民事诉讼涉及公共利益,其审理结果不能仅满足当事人的公正性要求,还应当满足社会的公正性要求,这要求环境民事诉讼实行专属管辖。虽然按照现行《民事诉讼法》,环境民事诉讼并不属于专属管辖的案件,但实质上已在实行专属管辖。在修改《民事诉讼法》时,应当对环境民事诉讼的地域管辖作出合理规定。     

《SPS协定》对非政府机构规制的探究

WTO由于直接涉及食品安全、人类及动植物之生命和健康而日益受到人们的关注.第13条专门对非政府机构进行了规制.不同于以往只有成员方政府受WTO多边贸易机制的约束,强制性的非政府机构制定、采用或实施的SPS措施受直接约束,非强制性的非政府机构制定、采用或实施的SPS措施受间接约束.当前随着非政府机构在食品安全监管中作用的日益凸显,我国在外贸实践中可以通过非政府机构如行业协会或商会实施的SPS措施,合理规避WTO成员方政府的相关义务.     

The Role of Non-State Actors: A Response to Professor Ryngaert

Netherlands International Law Review - A short article by Professor Ryngaert in an earlier issue of the NILR is here examined and criticised, in particular the suggestion there made that certain...     

Non-State Actors in International Law: A Rejoinder to Professor Thirlway

That we consider the state-based system as best representing the individual is the product of a particular world view. A ‘naturalized myth’ renders inevitable the link between the physicality of the observable landscape and the state as a means of organizing a polity. This myth lingers on in international legal scholarship, although it has been debunked in other disciplines, notably in critical political geography. (Public) international lawyers can learn from their brethren in other disciplines and problematize the territorial state as a contingent political concept. Awareness of the social production of space may allow lawyers to imagine practices of resistance to the spatial status quo, in particular rights of non-state actors in the production of international law, alongside states, and obligations and responsibilities of non-state actors, especially where states have proved unable to properly assume roles of protection vis-à-vis individuals under their formal jurisdiction.

     

国土规划制度的一个跨国比较

以我国现有的国土规划体系和正在进行中的全国主体功能区规划为背景,系统比较国际上两种重要的规划模式:美国模式和德国模式。这两种规划模式有着截然不同的目标、体制和手段,并导致了国土开发的不同结果,但是都较好地坚持了民主、科学与法治原则的有效统一。同时依据本国特点,实现了个人利益与社会利益不同取向的平衡。我国有必要借鉴两种不同规划模式的经验,建立一个充分体现了科学、民主与法治原则的国土规划制度。     

Non-State Actors and Terrorism: Applying the Law of State Responsibility and the Due Diligence Principle

Netherlands International Law Review -     

论地域管辖中“犯罪地”的解释问题

刑事诉讼法的规范依赖干法解释技术而生效,因此对刑事诉讼法之中的诸多概念、术语作出合理的解释和阐释,方能构建刑事程序法治化的微观基础。站在刑事诉讼法解释学的立场上,我国《刑事诉讼法》第24条规定的"犯罪地"管辖原则,其中所谓"犯罪地"一词,应当解释为包括"犯罪结果地"、"犯罪预备地",而不应包括"被害人所在地"、"销赃地"以及"犯罪嫌疑人被抓获地"。在毒品犯罪、网络犯罪、手机短信诈骗犯罪等特殊类型案件的中,对"犯罪地"一词,可允许作适当的扩张解释。     

Non-State Actors: Carving out a Space in a State-Centred International Legal System

States have captured the imagination of international legal scholars, to the extent that for a variety of non-state actors (NSAs), statehood may appear to be the ultimate prize. This contribution sheds some light on how the epistemic community has come to venerate the state as the structural embodiment of politico-legal order, as ‘the hero’ in international law narratives and how, nevertheless, NSAs have been allowed to carve out a space for themselves. It is argued that in spite of NSAs’ gradual emancipation, to this very day, the presence of the state continues to loom large in discussions on international legal subjectivity.

     

涉网案件地域管辖规则修改问题刍议

互联网空间地址与现实空间地址的非对应性,使运用《民事诉讼法》中的地域管辖规定去判断涉及互联网案件的管辖法院会有一定困难。目前学者们解决该问题的思路,主要集中于针对互联网的特点,建构新的地域管辖规则。但本文认为,目前《民事诉讼法》规定的地域管辖制度具有合理性,不需要也不能够针对互联网的特点去修改法典的规定。解决地域管辖规定适用困难的方向,应当是发展包括解释地域管辖法律和认定地域管辖事实在内的司法技术。     

Proportionality, Territorial Occupation, and Enabled Terrorism

Some collateral harms affecting enemy civilians during a war are agentially mediated – for example, the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 sparked an insurgency which killed thousands of Iraqi civilians. I call these ‘collaterally enabled harms.’ Intuitively, we ought to discount the weight that these harms receive in the ‘costs’ column of our ad bellum proportionality calculation. But I argue that an occupying military force with de facto political authority has a special obligation to provide minimal protection to the civilian population. As a result, when an occupying military force collaterally enables a harm affecting the civilian population, the weight that the harm ought to receive in the ad bellum proportionality calculation is unaffected by the fact that the harm is agentially mediated – it ought to be weighed at least as heavily as those harms that the occupying force collaterally commits directly. As a result, satisfying the ad bellum proportionality constraint in wars of territorial occupation is more difficult than it has been thought.     

Beyond Sentencing Guidelines: Additional Functions for Intermediate Sentencing Entities

The first part of this two-part special issue on structured sentencing in the U.S. focused on individual jurisdictions and the relationship of five types of sentencing reforms to judicial discretion and to the political and legal forces that originated, maintained, altered or sometimes ended the reform. This issue moves the focus to a comparative one, looking across a variety of different jurisdictions to report common threads of advantage and disadvantage to the various structured sentencing systems. Originating in political and legal arenas, structured sentencing affects not only the sentencing process, but can itself affect the political process and the distribution of sanctioning discretion among the different branches of government.     

On Improving the Legislation on Territorial and Regional Soviets of Working People's Deputies

The Report of the Central Committee of the CPSU to the Twenty-fifth Party Congress advanced the proposal of adopting laws to define the jurisdiction of territorial [krai], regional [oblast'], and area [okrug] soviets of working people's deputies. This proposal was adopted unanimously by the delegates to the congress. In the course of the work begun to draft these laws, which will define the content and form of activity at the present stage of the building of communism of such an important link in the system of soviets as the regional and territorial soviets, many questions have arisen demanding profound and comprehensive scientific study. In this connection the editors invite legal scholars and practical workers to share in the pages of the journal the results of their research and generalizations from the experience of the work of the soviets and from application of the prevailing legislation, and to express judgments, proposals, and recommendations on the paths to be followed in improving the legislation on territorial, regional, and area soviets.     

The Territorial Scope of Employment Legislation and Choice of Law

Traditionally, the determination of the territorial scope of the statutory rights conferred by employment legislation forming part of English law has been regarded as an issue entirely disconnected from the choice‐of‐law process. Indeed, this view formed the basis of the key decision addressing the problem of territoriality, Lawson v Serco, decided by the House of Lords in 2006. After presenting the current state of the law with regard to the territorial scope of employment legislation, this article takes a critical look at Lawson v Serco. It is argued that the ‘European’ choice‐of‐law rules must have a greater importance for determining the territorial scope of employment legislation and, consequently, that the approach pursued in Lawson v Serco is no longer correct, if it ever was, and should not be followed in the future.