以“法律”语义演变标记的中国法制近代化探究——以来华传教士文献、清末日译法律工具书为依据

“法律”语义的演变过程能够标记中国法制近代化进程。从词源上来说,“法律”是中国本土化词语,但是其语义却在外来法律文化的冲击之下,发生了两次重大演变。第一次演变是在18世纪末19世纪初,马礼逊、卫三畏等传教士将西方工业革命后的文明引入中国,将古汉语中的“法律”与西方“law”的语义对应起来,打破古汉语“法律”语义的封闭系统;第二次演变是在19世纪末20纪初清末法律移植的过程中。随着大量日本法律工具书被译介到中国,“法律”语义再一次演变并得到当时社会自上而下的认同,影响极其深远,“法律”语义完成了近代化定型。“法律”作为最为核心的法律术语之一,准确细致地描写其语义近代化演变过程,对于正确认识和评价中国法制近代化,具有重要意义。     

中国法律观念的现代化——中国法治化的关键

法治化即法制现代化,它是一项系统工程,其关键是法律观念的现代化。法律观念是立法的基础、司法的前提,是法治化必要的思想和心理条件。但由于我国的传统习惯和社会主义法律发展史的曲折经历,法律至上观念一直较淡薄,势必影响“依法治国”方略的实施,制约我国的法治建设。本文从法治化的内涵要求及中国法律观念的历史、现存状况出发,论述了法律工具主义意识对中国“体制型”法治发展的阻碍,并提出法律至上观念的内涵及培育方式。     

加入WTO对当代大学生法纪观的冲击

ＷＴＯ在推进全球经济一体化的同时,也进一步加剧了全球的经济竞争尤其是人才竞争。而ＷＴＯ的关键问题是法制问题,核心是人才的法律观念、法律意识、法律素养及法制精神问题。高校作为人才培育的摇篮和基地,既要从社会主义现代化建设的实践出发培养各级各类专门人才,又要顺应时代发展的潮流着力培养具有较高法律素养的复合型人才。　　一、当代大学生法纪观念概况《中国汉语辞典》把“法纪”解释为法律和纪律。笔者认为当代大学生的法纪观不仅指当今大学生关于法律和纪律的意识观念,更侧重于大学生应有的法律素养及法制精神。大学生作为广…     

法律形式化:中国法制现代化的时代课题

法律形式化之实质乃是法律权威的确证和法治原则的实现。中国法制现代化是价值理性优先而形式理性为先导的法制变革过程。确立法律形式化目标对于中国现代法制的制度架构、现代法律运作机制的形成、现代法治原则的牢固确立以及现代法律文化的培育等都具有重要的理论与实践价值。     

中国法制的发展历程和未来展望

中国的法制历经千年，渐序完善。从奴隶社会时期到封建社会时期再到近现代时期，法律一直是统治者治国安邦的有效保证之一。历史上的中国法制是现实中国法制的背景；现实中国的法制是对历史上中国法制的改造和发展。了解历史上的中国法制，不仅有助于了解现实中国的法制，而且可以加深对当代法学的理解；将中国法制史中具体的法律事例，应用到对当代法学基础理论的研究，可以更生动地印证其中的学理；将中国历代刑事、民事等法律同当代相应的法律详加比较，可以认清这些法律发展的脉络和趋势。简言之，即以史为鉴，可为现实的中国法制服务。本文分四个部分，通过对中国古代法制史、近代法制史及现当代法制史进行归纳分析，总结出中国法制的发展脉络。     

浅析法律论证理论兴起的原因

19世纪在三权分立原则的影响下,司法领域出现了严格法制的观念。然而,到了20世纪,一系列形式主义的法制原则受到了挑战,法律论证理论兴起。本文试图对法律论证理论兴起的现实原因进行简要的分析。     

试论法律信仰的培养

本文从历史的角度审视法律信仰的应然性及重要性,分析了法律信仰培养所面临的障碍,诸如中国传统文化和陈旧的法律观念的影响、立法的膨胀、司法体制弊端的存在、法律效益的低下以及法律工具主义思想的存在,并对法律信仰的培养,法制精神的形成进行对策分析。     

浅论中国传统法律文化对法制现代化的积极作用

当前中国正面临着一场前所未有的法制现代化革命,而传统法律文化是中国法律历史和文化的沉淀,它反映了中国法律的特性和基本精神,必然会对当前的社会主义法制建设产生深远影响。中国传统法律文化作为一种历史文化力量,具有深厚的社会基础,必将对法制现代化的发展产生一定的积极作用。     

法律文化与法制现代化互动关系简论

我国是一个具有深厚法律文化传统的国家 ,如何处理现代法制与传统法律文化之间的关系是中国的法制现代化进程面临的重要课题。本文从法律文化与法制现代化的一般理论入手 ,着重分析了法制现代化过程中的两种不同的法律文化资源选择模式的差异和联系 ,并结合中国传统法律文化的特点 ,试图探寻出一条适合我国国情的法制现代化道路来。     

中国近代法制文明研究的意义与方法--《中国近代社会与法制文明》读后

张晋藩教授的近著<中国近代社会与法制文明>从法制文明的角度对中国近代法律发展的历史进行了全新的解释,无论是其理论假设还是在研究对象的定位和研究方法的创新等方面,都表现出中国近代法律史研究范式建构上的积极意义.尤为难能可贵的在于该书克服了中国近代法律史研究现有的革命法制史和法制近代化两种范式的缺陷,因而对于探索中国近代法律史研究更为科学的分析框架、推进这一研究水平的提高,都具有十分重要的学术意义.     

Bhartṛhari and Maṇḍana on Avidyā

The concept of avidyā is one of the central categories in the Advaita of Śaṇkara and Maṇḍana. Shifting the focus from māyā, interpreted either as illusion or as the divine power, this concept brings ignorance to the forefront in describing duality and bondage. Although all Advaitins accept avidyā as a category, its scope and nature is interpreted in multiple ways. Key elements in Maṇḍana’s philosophy include the plurality of avidyā, individual selves as its substrate and the Brahman as its field (viṣaya), and the distinction in avidyā between non-apprehension and misapprehension. A closer investigation shows that Maṇḍana is directly influenced by Bhartṛhari’s linguistic non-dualism in developing the concept of avidyā. This study also compares other key constituents such as vivartta and pariṇāma that are relevant to the analysis of avidyā. As the concept of counter-image (pratibimba) emerges as a distinct stream of Advaita subsequent to Maṇḍana, this study also compares the application of pratibimba in the writings of Bhartṛhari and Maṇḍana.     

Unraveling the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kāvyaprakāśa</Emphasis>: Jayadeva Pīyūṣavarṣa’s idiosyncratic sequence of topics in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candrāloka</Emphasis>

In his twelfth century alaṃkāraśāstra, the Candrāloka, Jayadeva Pīyūṣavarṣa reverses the sequence of topics found in Mammaṭa’s Kāvyapr-akāśa, an earlier and immensely popular work. With such a structural revisionism, Jayadeva asserts the autonomy of his own work and puts forth an ambitious critique of earlier approaches to literary analysis. Jayadeva investigates the technical and aesthetic components of poetry in the first part of the Candrāloka, prior to his formal semantic investigations in the latter half of the text, thus suggesting that aesthetic evaluations of poetry beneficially inform scientific investigations of language. Jayadeva’s organization of his chapters on the semantic operations, moreover, intimates that the study of suggestive and metaphoric functions of language clarifies our understanding of denotation, which is conventionally understood to be the primary and direct path of verbal designation.     

The Supreme Array Scripture: A New Interpretation of the Title “Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra”

This article argues for a new interpretation of the Sanskrit compound gaṇḍa-vyūha as it is used in the common title of the Mahāyāna text the Gaṇḍavyūha-Sūtra.The author begins by providing a brief history of the sūtra’s appellations in Chinese and Tibetan sources. Next, the meanings of gaṇḍa (the problematic member of the compound) are explored. The author proposes that contemporary scholars have overlooked a meaning of gaṇḍa occurring in some compounds, wherein gaṇḍa can mean simply “great,” “big” or “massive.” This general sense is particularly common in the compound gaṇda-śaila (a “massive rock” or “boulder”) and is found in such texts as the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, the Harivaṃśa and the Harṣacarita. Following the discussion of Gaṇḍa, the author examines the term vyūha (“array”) as it is used in the Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra. The article concludes with the suggestion that a more appropriate translation of the Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra would be “The Supreme array Scripture.”     

Evaluation of six presumptive tests for blood, their specificity, sensitivity, and effect on high molecular-weight DNA

Luminol, leuchomalachite green, phenolphthalein, Hemastix, Hemident, and Bluestar are all used as presumptive tests for blood. In this study, the tests were subjected to dilute blood (from 1:10,000 to 1:10,000,000), many common household substance, and chemicals. Samples were tested for DNA to determine whether the presumptive tests damaged or destroyed DNA. The DNA loci tested were D2S1338 and D19S433. Leuchomalachite green had a sensitivity of 1:10,000, while the remaining tests were able to detect blood to a dilution of 1:100,000. Substances tested include saliva, semen, potato, tomato, tomato sauce, tomato sauce with meat, red onion, red kidney bean, horseradish, 0.1 M ascorbic acid, 5% bleach, 10% cupric sulfate, 10% ferric sulfate, and 10% nickel chloride. Of all the substances tested, not one of the household items reacted with every test; however, the chemicals did. DNA was recovered and amplified from luminol, phenolphthalein, Hemastix, and Bluestar, but not from leuchomalachite green or Hemident.     

Turning a Madhyamaka Trick: Reply to Huntington

Huntington (2007); argues that recent commentators (Robinson, 1957; Hayes, 1994; Tillemans, 1999; Garfield and Priest, 2002) err in attributing to Nāgārjuna and Candrakīrti a commitment to rationality and to the use of argument, and that these commentators do violence to the Madhyamaka project by using rational reconstruction in their interpretation of Nāgārjuna’s and Candrakīrti’s texts. Huntington argues instead that mādhyamikas reject reasoning, distrust logic and do not offer arguments. He also argues that interpreters ought to recuse themselves from argument in order to be faithful to these texts. I demonstrate that he is wrong in all respects: Nāgārjuna and Candrakīrti deploy arguments, take themselves to do so, and even if they did not, we would be wise to do so in commenting on their texts.     

Monks Who Have Sex: Pārājika Penance in Indian Buddhist Monasticisms

In the study of Buddhism it is commonly accepted that a monk or nun who commits a pārājika offence is permanently and irrevocably expelled from the Buddhist monastic order. This view is based primarily on readings of the Pāli Vinaya. With the exception of the Pāli Vinaya, however, all other extant Buddhist monastic law codes (Dharmaguptaka, Mahāsāṅghika, Mahīśāsaka, Sarvāstivāda and Mūlasarvāstivāda) contain detailed provisions for monks and nuns who commit pārājikas but nevertheless wish to remain within the saṅgha. These monastics are not expelled. Rather, they are granted a special status known as the śikṣādattaka. In this paper I explore the rules. concerning pārājika penance and the śikṣādattaka with specific regard to monastic celibacy. Given that five out of six extant law codes recognise this remarkable accommodation to the rule of celibacy, I argue that we must look to Vinayas other than the Pāli Vinaya if we are to arrive at a nuanced and representative view of Indian Buddhist monasticism.

Grant me chastity and continence, but not yet. Augustine of Hippo (354–430 C.E.)

     

Family breakdown and the ‘Welfare Child’ in 19th and 20th century Britain

This article traces new cycles of interest in past children as distinct from past childhood. Recent work highlighting that a conceptualisation of childhood existed even in periods with few written records closes the chapter begun by Philippe Ariès in 1960. Instead, there has been a new surge of interest in children on the edges of family life, as well as children in similarly liminal positions between the worlds of adults and children: runaways, delinquents and orphans. Several themes in the literature are identified, based on the conflicting ideas of ‘body/mind’, ‘victim/threat’, ‘needs/rights’. It is noted that researchers are using more imaginative ways of reaching the lived experience of children than the family or institutional framework, and that an increasing link is drawn between historical and modern concerns such as child abuse and the care of ‘at risk’ children.     

The Mūlāvidyā Controversy Among Advaita Vedāntins: was Śaṅkara Himself Responsible?

The concept of avidyā or ignorance is central to the Advaita Vedāntic position of Śȧnkara. The post-Śaṅkara Advaitins wrote sub-commentaries on the original texts of Śaṅkara with the intention of strengthening his views. Over the passage of time the views of these sub-commentators of Śaṅkara came to be regarded as representing the doctrine of Advaita particularly with regard to the concept of avidyā. Swami Satchidanandendra Saraswati, a scholar-monk of Holenarsipur, challenged the accepted tradition through the publication of his work Mūlāvidyānirāsaḥ, particularly with regard to the avidyādoctrine. It was his contention that the post-Śaṅkara commentators brought their own innovations particularly on the nature of avidyā. This was the idea of mūlāvidyā or ‘root ignorance’, a positive entity which is the material cause of the phenomenal world. Saraswati argues that such an idea of mūlāvidyā is not to be found in the bhāṣyas (commentaries) of Śaṅkara and is foisted upon Śaṅkara. This paper attempts to show that although Śaṅkara may not have explicitly favoured such a view of mūlāvidyā, his lack of clarity on the nature of avidyā left enough scope for the post-Śaṅkara commentators to take such a position on avidyā.     

Vedic Language and Vaiṣṇava Theology:Madhva’s Use of Nirukta in his Ṛgbhāṣya

This article explores the way in which Madhva (1238–1317), the founder of the Dvaita Vedānta system of Hindu thought, reformulates the traditional exegetic practice of nirukta or “word derivation” to validate his pluralistic, hierarchical, and Vaiṣṇava reading of the Ṛgvedic hymns. Madhva’s Ṛgbhāṣya (RB) is conspicuous for its heavy reliance on and unique deployment of this exegetical tactic to validate several key features of his distinctive theology. These features include his belief in Viṣṇu’s unique possession of all perfect attributes (guṇaparipūrṇatva) and His related conveyability by all Vedic words (sarvaśabdavācyatva). Such an understanding of Vedic language invokes the basic nirukta presupposition that words are eternally affiliated with the meanings they convey. But it is also based onMadhva’s access to a lexicon entitled Vyāsa’s Nirukti with which his critics and perhaps even his commentators seem to be unfamiliar.While the precise status of this text is the subject of ongoing debate, Madhva’s possession of special insight into the sacred canon is established in part by his unique claim to be an avatāra of the wind god Vāyu and a direct disciple of Viṣṇu Himself in the form of Vyāsa₁. Thus, Madhva’s use of nirukta invokes his personal charisma to challenge not only conventional understandings of the hymns but traditional exegetic norms. Madhva’s provision of an alternative tradition of nirukta provoked sectarian debate throughout the Vijayanagara period over the extent to which one could innovate in established practices of reading the Veda. Articulating the Veda’s precise authority was a key feature of Brahmin debates during this period and reflects both the empire’s concern with promoting a shared religious ideology and the competition among rival Brahman sects for imperial patronage that this concern elicited. By looking at how two of Madhva’s most important commentators (the 14^th-century Jayatīrtha and the 17^th-century Rāghavendra) sought to defend his niruktis, this article will explore how notions of normative nirukta were articulated in response to Madhva’s deviations. At the same time, however, examining Madhva’s commentators’ defense of his niruktis also demonstrates the extent to which Madhva actually adhered to selected exegetic norms. This reveals that discomfort with Madhva’s particular methods for deriving words stemmed, in part, from a more general ambivalence towards this exegetical tactic whose inherent open-endedness threatened to undermine the fixity of the canon’s very substance: its language. Vyāsa’s Nirukti is one of several ”unknown sources” cited in Madhva’s commentaries whose exact status continues to be debated. Some scholars (e.g. Rao, Sharma, Siauve) maintain that these texts are part of a now lost Pāṅcarātra tradition that Madhva is attempting to preserve. This may be true for many of these citations. However, in addition to claiming to be both an avatāra of Vāyu and Viṣṇu-as-Vyāsa’s student, Madhva states in several places (e.g., VTN 42, RB 162) that the canon has suffered loss during transmission and that only Viṣṇu can reveal it in its entirety. Thus, it is possible that Madhva intends texts like Vyāsa’s Nirukti to be viewed as part of an ongoing and corrective revelation, a notion that is compatible with many Vaiṣṇava traditions (Halbfass, 1991: 4).     

Student mentoring to enhance graduates’ employability potential

This paper considers whether the adoption of a subject-specific, classroom-based, voluntary extra-curricular student mentoring scheme could provide an effective mechanism and andragogic approach to enhance higher education students’ employability potential pre-graduation.Over the three-year pilot, 26 more advanced (second to fourth year) undergraduate students actively mentored nearly 400 first year undergraduate students during workshops delivered annually within forensic and policing focused courses. In total, 17 mentors anonymously completed online, post-scheme surveys. Survey data was quantitatively analysed to evaluate the scheme, establish which skills and attributes mentors had developed and investigate whether mentors could appropriately identify example skills within professional terminology used during employer recruitment. In addition, this paper reflects on the implementation of remote student mentoring during the COVID-19 pandemic and its adoption within a blended learning framework.The results from this research strongly support mentoring as an effective mechanism to develop undergraduate employability skills, significantly developing mentors’ self-confidence and self-efficacy in their interpersonal and communication skills. Although mentors were aware of university graduate attributes and thought they could evidence these with appropriate examples, in practice this was not necessarily the case. As a result, a framework is proposed to enable mentors to identify their skills and how they may align with competencies sought by relevant forensic and policing employers. However, other andragogic practices may need to be implemented to maximise the potential for successful graduate employment.