论人权国际保护与国家主权

人权国际保护与国家主权的关系 ,是现代国际法上的一个基本理论问题。人权国际保护与国家主权并不是绝对对立的 ,而是互相统一、互相促进的。一方面 ,人权国际保护对国家主权提出了新的挑战 ;另一方面 ,国家主权又对人权国际保护产生制约。在承认不干涉内政原则的情况下 ,国际社会在特定情势下为保护人权可进行干涉。     

Law,Sovereignty and the Nation

International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique -     

The European Nation State. Its Achievements and Its Limitations. On the Past and Future of Sovereignty and Citizenship

Abstract. The "global success" of nation states is currently brought into play by the new requirements of multicultural differentiation and globalization. After commenting on the common concepts of "state" and "nation" and discussing the formation of nation states, the author explains the particular achievement of the national state and the tension between republicanism and nationalism built into it. The challenges that arise from the multicultural differentiation of civil society and from trends towards globalization throw light on the limitations of this historical type.     

About the Impossibility of Absolute State Sovereignty

State sovereignty is often thought to be absolute, unlimited. This paper argues that there is no such a thing as absolute State sovereignty. Indeed, absolute sovereignty is impossible because all sovereignty is necessarily underpinned by its conditions of possibility—i.e. limited sovereignty is the norm, though the nature of the limitations varies. The article consists of two main sections: (a) the concept of sovereignty: this section is focused on some of the limitations the concept of sovereignty itself presents; and (b) a historical account of the notion of sovereignty as it was used in the Ancient Times. The particular focus on early notions of a modern concept such as sovereignty has to do with the fact that this early notion has been anthropomorphised with societal evolution. Therein, the current concept of State sovereignty embraces the same limitations it had in its ancient form as a non-fully developed conceptual idea. The implications of understanding State sovereignty as limited rather than absolute are several, both directly and indirectly. A main immediate consequence is that sovereign States can cooperate together, limit their sovereignty and still be considered sovereign.     

全球化背景下的国家主权析论

全球化对传统国家主权构成了冲击和影响.全球化推动了全球社会的形成.国家主权自其产生之始就已经内在含有主权权力、主权权力的行使和国家责任的内涵.国家主权可作广义和狭义之分.广义的国家主权应当包括主权权力(权利)、主权权力(权利)的行使以及国家责任的内容.狭义的国家主权指主权权力(权利).主权权力和主权权力的行使是不同的概念.全球化对主权权力和主权权力的行使产生了重大影响.     

论宪法的人民主权原则

人民主权原则是近现代民主国家赖以构造的根本宪法原则。本文阐述了宪法原则的概念和特征,论述了人民主权原则与其它宪法原则的关系,认为人民主权是宪法产生的重要思想根源,人民主权的制度化、法律化是宪法的精神实质,人民主权是宪法发展的根本价值取向。     

论国际法上的民族自决与国家主权

如何正确认识民族自决原则与国家主权原则之间的关系 ,是现代国际法中的一项重要课题。民族自决与国家主权之间既是一种相互并存的关系 ,同时又是一种彼此制约的关系。在未来的国家实践中 ,我们既要坚持国家主权原则 ,又要客观、慎重地对待民族自决原则。     

全球化背景下对国家主权的再思考

国家主权是国家的构成要素之一 ,是国家固有的和本质的属性。国家主权理论在形成和发展的初期 ,具有较强的绝对性 ,但这种绝对性在经济全球化的今天受到了前所未有的挑战 ,不同国家的学者站在不同的立场上对国家主权原则做出了不同的诠释。作为发展中国家 ,特别是中国 ,应坚持正确的主权观 ,即 :在坚持国家主权神圣不可侵犯的前提下 ,承认国家主权具有一定的相对性 ;在坚持国家主权受到国际条约和国际习惯法约束的同时 ,又要承认其幕后的真正操纵者仍是主权国家本身。总之 ,在经济全球化这一特定的历史环境下 ,作为发展中国家 ,只有坚持正确的国家主权观 ,才能更好的维护国家主权 ,在全球化的进程中真正获益。     

主权在民:源流与反思

主权在民原则系宪法之首要原则。主权在民原则经历了由国家主权、政治主权、议会主权到人民主权的发展过程。主权在民原则既是近代宪法的逻辑起点,又指导着宪法具体制度的建立。主权在民原则在历史上发挥了巨大的作用,但也应当厘清、识别和深刻反思主权在民在宪政成长过程中的作用与局限。     

论宪法中人民主权与基本人权原则的沟通——以哈贝马斯的宪法有效性理论为视角

在宪法原则中，人民主权是逻辑起点，基本人权是终极目标。人民主权表征了国家权力的合法性，基本人权保证了权利的不可侵犯性。但在传统的理论中二者存在着何者优先的张力。哈贝马斯的宪法有效性理论认为，包括宪法在内的法律形成于公民的自我理解，是主体之间商谈的结果，宪法的承受者同时也是法律规则的创造者。宪法中的人权与人民主权原则是同源的，是互为前提、相互证成的；人权使得人民主权的合法行使成为可能，人民主权在法律上的制度化是人权本身的要求。因此，宪法人民主权原则与基本人权原则之间的紧张可以通过宪法的有效性而沟通。     

Humanitarian Assistance and Changing Notions of State Sovereignty

Netherlands International Law Review -     

论国际刑事法院管辖权与国家主权

国际刑事法院管辖权与国家主权一直是人们论争的焦点。作为补充性管辖权 ,国际刑事法院管辖权是国家主权相对性的表现 ,也是国家主权的自愿让渡 ,与国家主权总体相容 ,但其隐含的第三国义务则超越了现有国际体制。为保证国际刑事法院的有效运作 ,必须坚持国际社会共同利益与国家利益的统一 ,保证国际秩序追求与国家权力追求之平衡     

因特网对国家主权的冲击及对策

因特网 (国际互联网 )的迅猛发展 ,深刻地改变了我们的生产、生活、学习乃至休闲娱乐的方式 ,但它在给我们带来机遇、提供便利的同时 ,也给我们带来了许多负面影响 ,尤其是使国家主权受到严重冲击。本文从法律的视角分析了因特网对国家政治、经济和文化主权形成的威胁 ,并提出了相应对策。     

经济全球化时代国家主权的辩证法

在经济全球化时代 ,主权的性质再次引起各国学者的普遍关注 ,各种片面的、狭隘的主权观不断滋长蔓延 ,妨碍着国家主权的行使。因而有必要澄清各种思想 ,弄清主权的真正特性。从理论和实践两方面考察 ,主权是辩证的 ,即作为一种抽象的、终极性的独立自主权 ,主权是绝对的 ,既不可分割、也不可限制和让渡 ;而作为体现、保障主权的绝对性的主权权利和权力则是具体的、职能性的 ,因而是相对的 ,既可分割、也可限制和让渡。主权的绝对性和相对性不是相悖的 ,而是辩证统一的。主权的绝对性是无条件的 ,主权的相对性是有条件的。在国际交往和合作日益频繁、斗争日益激烈的社会 ,必须坚持主权的辩证法 ,才能更好地维护国家的独立、安全 ,充分实现国家利益     

Preserving the Identity Crisis: Autonomy,System and Sovereignty in European Law

This article uses Hans Kelsen's theory of a legalsystem to take a fresh look at European Community law,and the relationship between the European Community,its Member States, and international law. It arguesthat the basis of the Community's legal legitimacy isindeterminate, and offers a model to accommodate thatindeterminacy. This model is founded on aconstructivist approach suggested to be particularlyuseful in the EC context. Using this approach, it isargued that the concepts of system, autonomy andsovereignty in the Community can only be understoodthrough the recognition of a plurality of viewpoints,and that it is crucial, in describing the Community,to distinguish between a concept per se and thechoice to adopt that concept.     

国家经济主权的法律地位阐微

国家经济主权是主权理论在经济领域的重要表征。经济主权平等是建立国际经济新秩序的法律基础,经济主权是发展中国家谋求经济独立与发展的前提,经济主权原则是国际经济法的首要基本原则。国际经济主权构成对抗经济霸权的理论武器,发展中国家坚持经济主权原则具有重要的理论与现实意义。     

Cultural Minority Rights and the Rights of the Majority in the Liberal State

Traditional liberalism's blindness to cultural concerns has often come under fire, while so-called “liberal multiculturalism” (Taylor and Kymlicka) has made it its business to take a good look at the place of culture within liberal law. According to them, cultural minorities should be recognized. In my opinion, however, their proposals, in fact, almost entirely preclude the possibility that cultural minorities would receive recognition within liberal society. In what follows, I explain my view of these matters and, above all, argue for a more vital understanding of cultural minorities. This will entail presenting a comprehensive view of minority rights within liberal society.     

Australian Aboriginal Property Rights as Issues of Indigenous Sovereignty and Citizenship

Aboriginal Australians have traditionally enjoyed little protection from the law. The matter of land has been at the heart of white settler/Aboriginal relations since the nation was first founded. It is only recently that recognition has been given to the land rights of Australian indigenous people. This recognition was finally made at the property law level in 1992 through the High Court decision in Mabo v. Queensland (n. 2) ([1992] 175 CLR 1). The 1993 High Court decision in The Wik Peoples v. Queensland ([1996] 71 ALJR 173) reinforced that recognition. It did so through the principle that pastoral lessees' and native title holders' rights might co-exist except that, in the event of any inconsistency, the pastoralists' rights were to prevail, provided pastoral activity was being pursued. The most recent legal change is the parliamentary revision of the Native Title Act so that the Wik co-existence principle was put to rest, mainly through permitting the State governments to upgrade pastoral holdings to a form of freehold, thus immunising them from native title claims, and minimising the payment of compensation. In this paper we argue that the country must consider what has been lost in this about-turn from the recognition of native title to land in Mabo . We argue that the nation must consider the emphases in the Mabo judgments upon the significance of international law and the need for the common law not to be locked into a racist past. From that point, we contend for the need to recognise not only native title to land but what lies beyond that: indigenous political and human rights.     

论引渡中的主权与人权——以引渡原则为视角

引渡关乎国家主权与相关被引渡者的人权利益。本文首先介绍引渡中的主权与人权关系,然后详细阐述了引渡中死刑犯不引渡原则、政治犯不引渡原则和本国国民不引渡原则中的主权与人权的关系,并就我国实践中相关问题提出了完善的建议。