Reforming Budget ritual and Budget practice: The Case of Performance Management Implementation in Virginia

Abstract

Virginia is accepted as one of the leading examples of performance-based reform among US states. This article reports on some of the key factors that have helped to ensure that these reforms have established performance as a basis for both budget ritual and budget practice. Virginia's strong record of implementation is explained as the result of a consistent legislative basis for reform, effective reform leadership by a core agency, the integration of results-oriented activities into all facets of the financial management process, a focus on high levels of citizen engagement, and an emphasis on ensuring that performance management systems are tailored to be useful.     

推进无核世界建设的现实性分析

针对核武器作为终极武器的特征日益显露和核武器扩散所带来的毁灭性威胁,建构无核世界的呼声正与日俱增。2007年1月4日,美国前国务卿基辛格、舒尔茨,前国防部长佩里,前参议院军事委员会主席纳恩等四名重量级前政要公开呼吁要最终建立无核武器的世界。2008年12月9日,全球的100位政界、军界、商界和民间领袖在巴黎发起一项名为“全球零核”的倡议。     

A reply

On the basis of input‐output tables from developing countries sectors are distinguished according to the degree of their interdependencies. Using 20 standard sectors for all 22 tables analysed, the paper takes the intensity of interindustrial linkages as an indicator of a sector's ability to spread growth impulses to its economic environment. Backward and forward linkages are calculated; in addition, spread effects are computed via the inverse matrix. Then the sectors are classified according to their total (direct and indirect) primary input requirements per unit of final demand. The analysis is supplemented by the determination of the sectoral employment impact, i.e. applying figures for the persons engaged sectorwise.

Particularly under the linkage aspect, the obtained rankings are checked for similarity. Although some rankings are highly correlated, none of the criteria under consideration proves superior to all others.     

A rejoinder

Industrial Growth and World Trade. By Alfred Maizels. London: Cambridge University Press. 1963. Pp. xxiii, 563.75/‐

Disguised Unemployment in Underdeveloped Areas, With Special Reference to South Korean Agriculture. By Yong Sam Cho. London; Cambridge University Press. 1964. Pp. xiv, 157. 30/‐