Imperatives for the enforceability of collective agreements in Nigera

This article examines the rationale behind the non-enforcement of collective agreements in Nigeria, theories propounded for the enforceability of collective agreements, and the need for courts in Nigeria to adopt a more liberal approach towards enforcement. This article argues that contrary to the position of the law in Nigeria that collective agreements are not enforceable, this parties, especially trade union leaders, academics and notable oil companies in Nigeria such as Shell, Chevron, etc. do intend to enter into legal relations whenever a collective agreement is arrived at and this is the reason why there is less industrial unrest in the private sector of the oil and gas industry in Nigeria. This article argues that multinational oil companies honour collective agreements entered into with their trade unions because they see such agreements as intended to create legal relations. It is the Nigerian government and its agencies that have failed to honour collective agreements freely entered into with trade unions, despite the time and resources that have been expended to arrive at such collective agreements. This article argues that collective agreements do not fall within the purview of social or domestic arrangements, but business transactions. This article takes a look at the position of collective agreements in other jurisdictions such as the USA, Great Britain, South Africa and The Netherlands, and urges the court in Nigeria to expound the law relating to collective agreement since there are several legislations in Nigeria touching on collective agreements which the courts can expound.     

论集体土地所有权与土地承包经营权之间的冲突与协调

集体土地所有权与农村土地承包经营权并行存在于农村土地上的事实决定了两者之间必然会产生冲突与协调的问题。现实中,集体土地所有权与土地承包经营权之间的冲突普遍存在于农村土地的调整过程中、集体收回承包地的过程中以及农村土地承包经营权的流转过程中。严格限制集体调整承包地与收回承包地的权利,允许农民在自愿的基础上充分流转其承包地,建立集体土地所有权在土地承包经营权限制下实现的制度,可以达到协调两种权利的运行,构建和谐农村法秩序的目的。     

集体建设用地市场配置的法律问题研究

在《物权法》实施后,国家对集体土地的征收应当严格限制在公共利益目的范围以内,公共利益目的范围外的建设用地,应当允许集体建设用地直接通过市场进行配置。应当对《土地管理法》第43条进行修改,同时建立由国家严格控制的集体建设用地使用权市场化流转制度。随着集体建设用地使用权的流转,原集体村庄已经完全城市化以后,原集体建设用地所有权应当由国家所有。     

Collective efficacy and arson: the case of Malmö

The burning of cars and containers during social unrest has become a topic of both scholarly and public interest in Sweden over the past decade. Studies have suggested that social disorganization theory, or its modern expression collective efficacy, may be important for explaining why some neighbourhoods experience elevated levels of arson and unrest while others do not. To date, no study has explicitly studied the link between arson and collective efficacy at the neighbourhood level. The present study attempts to fill this gap by analysing the association between arson and collective efficacy in the city of Malmö, Sweden. Collective efficacy data from 96 neighbourhoods were collected in 2012 in the Malmö Community Survey (N = 4051). Arson data were collected from the rescue services, which employ GPS-receivers to accurately record the location of incidents. Regression models were fitted for arson, controlling for concentrated disadvantage, ethnic heterogeneity and residential stability. Results show no significant link between collective efficacy and arson following appropriate controls. This suggests that arson may depend on mechanisms other than collective efficacy, at least at the neighbourhood level. Future research may need to focus on alternative theoretical explanations such as strain, or on other levels of analysis than neighbourhoods.     

A Question of Guilt

Abstract. This article inquires into the social function of guilt, especially collective guilt, and the implications thereof for collective violence and collective memory. The focus is on the relationship between collective violence and collective memory in countries that have experienced cultural trauma, defined as a dramatic loss of identity and meaning, a tear in the social fabric. Analyzing the dynamics—the mechanisms and processes—of remembering and forgetting such trauma, I argue that the idea of collective guilt is essential for making sense of collective violence and collective memory. Specifically, I show that collective violence requires collective action; that collective action produces collective guilt; that collective violence generates perceptions—and misperceptions—of collective guilt; and that collective memory is formed, deformed, and transformed by perceptions—and misperceptions—of collective guilt. The article uses illustrative data from a variety of cases to illuminate these dynamics. It concludes by explaining why understanding these dynamics is imperative for responding to historic injustice in the twenty‐first century.

相似文献   

论农村集体土地所有权的缺省主体

《物权法》明确了村内农民集体、村农民集体、乡(镇)农民集体的农村集体土地所有权主体地位。由于近半数农村集体土地没有进行权利登记,应当在土地登记簿推定规则之外,确认农村集体土地所有权的缺省主体,在无法证明农村集体土地归属场合,推定其为农村集体土地所有权主体。在可供选择的制度资源中,村农民集体最适宜被依法确认为农村集体土地所有权的缺省主体。     

集体土地所有权立法的妥当性分析

物权法草案维持了农村土地集体所有权,这是立法者斟酌历史和现实的妥当选择。第一次规定了该权利行使的意思机关,完善了集体土地所有权制度。但草案仍然沿用现行法规定集体土地的三种所有权类型、规定集体经济组织为集体土地所有权行使的代表、不规定权利行使的监督组织,是不妥当的。应该取消乡(镇)、村民小组集体土地所有权,统一为村集体所有。集体经济组织在现实中和立法上都非常混乱,不适宜作为集体土地所有权行使代表。     

论著作权集体管理中的私人自治——兼评我国集体管理制度立法的谬误

在著作权集体管理制度中,保证权利人、集体管理组织与使用者的私人自治,是集体管理得以发挥其制度优势,并在交易成本问题上优于其他类似制度的前提.私人自治的贯彻,既能实现市场供求信息在权利人与集体管理组织之间及时传递,也能保证定价机制随利用方式的变化灵活调整.由于我国集体管理组织由政府主导构建,因而缺乏私人自治存在和适用的土壤,使集体管理组织在运作中引发诸多社会矛盾.只有改变公权力的干预,并通过立法将私人自治体现在集体管理制度中,才能真正实现许可效率与传播效率的协调发展.     

Advancing Health Rights in a Globalized World: Responding to Globalization through a Collective Human Right to Public Health

The right to health was codified in Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as an individual right, focusing on individual health services at the expense of public health systems. This article assesses the ways in which the individual human right to health has evolved to meet collective threats to the public's health. Despite its repeated expansions, the individual right to health remains normatively incapable of addressing the injurious societal ramifcations of economic globalization, advancing individual rights to alleviate collective inequalities in underlying determinants of health. By examining modern changes to underlying determinants of health, this article concludes that responding to globalized health threats necessitates a collective right to public health.     

论农民进城落户后集体土地“三权”退出

支持引导进城落户农民自愿有偿退出土地承包(经营)权、宅基地使用权和集体土地股权的政策表达与法律规定,尚存农民进城落户后应否以及何时丧失集体成员资格规则不明、丧失集体成员资格前支持引导退出规则不足、丧失集体成员资格后不自愿退出的应对之策缺失、大量农民进城落户且丧失集体成员资格后集体土地所有权归属之惑等问题。在承包地"三权分置"、宅基地"三权分置"与集体产权制度改革中,宜通过健全集体成员资格丧失标准和程序、完善集体土地"三权"之(最先)优先受让权与土地承包经营权和宅基地使用权之股权化方案、借助土地经营权和使用权乃至非本集体成员继承股权之类别股设计、大量农民进城落户且丧失集体成员资格后集体土地适时国有化等方法,化解上述问题。     

集体土地三级所有制度的应然法解读

集体土地三级所有制度是形成集体土地权利主体虚位的重要原因,不仅导致了集体土地权利主体地位不平等,同时还背离了土地所有制终极目标的基本要求。从应然法意义上讲,农民集体与农民集体经济组织应该属于等同的法律概念,其设立具有特别的宗旨、要件和方式要求,应该具有自己独特的法人地位。对历史与现实情况的深度审查表明,村内农民集体不仅不是农村土地所有权的当然主体,而且在当前我国社会经济条件下,作为集体土地的所有权主体,乡镇农民集体和村内农民集体都存在许多不合理的方面。村农民集体作为农村土地所有权主体应该是我国法律的唯一选择。     

利益衡量视角下“小产权房”的出路探究

近年来,房价上涨引起"小产权房"热销的局面。在现有法律框架下,集体土地使用权不能自由流转,导致"小产权房"违法,其买卖合同无效。"小产权房"问题关系政府、集体经济组织、农民、购房者、开发商等多方利益,从利益衡量的角度分析,合法化更能体现社会公平。通过类型化处理是目前解决"小产权房"问题的合理做法,但要从根本上解决问题,还有待于集体土地使用权制度的改革。     

中国民法典集体所有权的理解与适用

集体所有权在中国法学界一直是个解释和理解起来较为复杂和困难的问题.因为,它不仅涉及到民法,还涉及到作为社会主义经济制度基础的公有制和作为上位法的宪法的规定等.理解集体所有权,我们可以"集体企业"与"集体土地"作切入点.集体企业定位上属于企业法人,如今《民法典》更是进一步将其规定为营利法人.但集体土地不能像集体企业一样,...     

The Collective Labour Law of the European Union

Abstract: The collective labour law of the European Union is embedded in a variety of legal measures incorporating principles of collective labour law reflecting national experience. The dynamic of its development has been the spill-over effect of these principles, through their translation into the status of EU law, and their development by decisions of the European Court of Justice. The article outlines a framework of principles which, it is argued, are currently embodied in the collective labour law of the EU. They include collectively bargained labour standards, workers' collective representation, workers' participation, and protection of strikers against dismissal. In addition, there is a parallel principle of collective solidarity emerging in the social security law of the EU. The principle of collective negotiation of labour law introduced by the Protocol and Agreement on Social Policy may be seen as the founding constitutional basis for the collective labour law of the European Union.     

A Hard-to- Escape Situation Informal Pacts,Kingpin Strategies,and Collective Violence in Mexico

Mexico has for an extended period been experiencing homicide rates above, or close to, epidemic levels. Instead of examining why formal institutional reform geared at strengthening democracy has not helped to foment peace and security, as most of the research on collective violence in Latin America and the Caribbean does, this paper focuses on the gap between formal and informal institutions, and continuities rather than points of rupture. I argue that in Mexico, there is a gap between formal institutions (which define how the country should be) and informal institutions (which constrain actual strategic choices). I apply a path-dependence approach to examine what factors have been reproducing collective violence over time, finding that the prevalence of protection rackets (operated by non-state actors at the subnational level) and the use of kingpin strategies (both by state and non-state actors) explain collective violence in the past but also in the present. In the past decades, informal pacts and kingpin strategies have changed in Mexico, but they have survived and adapted to the new formally democratic institutional setting. For the period 1989-2017, I identify three critical junctures that changed the rules of the game, four mechanisms of inertia, and two factors of lock-in that make it difficult to reduce collective violence.     

集体土地所有权的三重功能属性——基于罗马氏族与我国农村集体土地的比较分析

我国的农村集体土地所有权与罗马氏族集体土地制度相似,糅合了公法层面的治理功能、生存保障功能以及私法层面的市场化私权功能,对集体土地上承载的这三重功能进行区分,是解决现今农村土地问题的理论前提。集体土地最初作为国家控制农村社会经济的一种政治性安排的法律治理结构,强化了农民与集体基于土地的身份关系,把保障集体内部成员的生存作为首要价值目标,并强调土地利用的平等性。集体所有模式还导致了"成员权"与"公民权"这双重身份的重叠与抵牾,这实质上反映了集体土地上保障功能与市场机能的冲突。随着农村治理结构的转变,集体土地所有权逐渐转变为具备实体权利义务关系的私权规范,立法上应对集体土地的"初始分配"与"自由流转"两个阶段进行适当区分和切割,而非将两种截然不同的价值理念同时混同在一套农地制度之中。     

Differential social organization, collective action, and crime

This article elaborates and extends Sutherland’s [Principles of criminology (4th ed.), Lippincott, Philadelphia, Sutherland (1947)] concept of differential social organization, the sociological counterpart to his social psychological theory of differential association. Differential social organization contains a static structural component, which explains crime rates across groups, as well as a dynamic collective action component, which explains changes in crime rates over time. I argue that by drawing on George Herbert Mead’s [Mind, self, and society. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Mead (1934)] theories of symbolic interaction and social control, we can conceptualize organization in favor of, and against, crime as collective behavior. We can then integrate theoretical mechanisms of models of collective behavior, including social network ties, collective action frames, and threshold models of collective action. I illustrate the integrated theory using examples of social movements against crime, neighborhood collective efficacy, and the code of the street. A portion of this chapter was presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Society of Criminology, Toronto, Canada, November 16–19. The research upon which this paper was based was supported in part by grants from the National Science Foundation (SES-0004323) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA18148). The funding agencies bear no responsibility for the analyses and interpretations drawn here. James F. Short, Jr. and Joachim Savelsberg generously provided comments on an earlier draft.     

乡土生活场域中的集体财产:从权力到权利

我国目前的农村集体财产处于由行政权力与村社干部权力交织而成的权力网络之中,集体所有权变成残缺的、异化的所有权。在我国未来的民法典中,集体所有权应当是蕴涵了主体独立、平等、意志自由等私法价值理念的真正意义上的财产所有权,行政权力对集体财产不必要的束缚应逐步解除;为了防止所有权的异化,应当赋予集体所有权一定的程序性内涵,为其设置一套有效的运作程序;此外,应设置相关规则防止集体所有权压制农民作为个体对集体财产所享有的权利———用益物权。     

Rural Lawyers

For several years now, the USSR Ministry of Agriculture has been taking steps to improve the role of the legal services at collective farms, state farms, and agricultural agencies. The legal service, considering the importance of employing legal means to improve economic achievements and adherence to law in farming enterprises, is regarded as an equal component in all activity to carry out the tasks posed collective farms, state farms, and agricultural bodies by the Twenty-Fourth Congress of the CPSU.     

城市化过程中集体土地的概括国有化

集体土地概括国有化发生在城市化过程中 ,土地所有权的变更具有不按土地征用制度进行并通过社区性质变更实现的特征。作者分析了集体土地国有化的原因 ,并提出以农民集体转制为公司、组织土地合作社以及组织土地基金会等方式建立土地法人所有制 ,以克服目前集体土地概括所有化过程中的缺陷。