论巴塞尔协议下对跨国银行海外分支机构的监管

在金融全球化的进程中,跨国银行海外分支机构面临的风险与日俱增,已不能通过单一的监管模式对其监管。根据不同模式下的跨国银行海外分支机构享有的不同法律地位,巴塞尔协议对海外分支机构有效监管提供了完善的方案,即分别确立了东道国监管和母国监管的责任,要求以母国的并表监管为核心,在母国监管当局和东道国监管当局建立持续性的信息交流与合作。     

论巴塞尔协议下对跨国银行海外分支相构的监管

在金融全球化的进程中,跨国银行海外分支机构面临的风险与日俱增,已不能通过单一的监管模式对其监管.根据不同模式下的跨国银行海外分支机构享有的不同法律地位,巴塞尔协议对海外分支机构有效监管提供了完善的方案,即分别确立了东道国监管和母国监管的责任,要求以母国的并表监管为核心,在母国监管当局和东道国监管当局建立持续性的信息交流与合作.     

巴塞尔国际银行监管合作模式的缺陷及完善

巴塞尔国际银行监管合作模式是母国并表监管下的母国与东道国的联合责任 ,它已被各国立法机关和监管机关以多种形式采纳。但是 ,本文认为 ,巴塞尔国际银行监管合作模式存在着一些缺陷 ,包括该模式的条件性 ,该模式所推崇的“双重钥匙”方法在实施中的困难 ,东道国和母国监管责任的重合 ,最后贷款人的空缺和该模式适用的地方主义倾向。这些缺陷在很大程度上限制了巴塞尔国际银行监管合作模式作用的发挥。本文提出 ,通过在外资银行准入的审批过程中东道国和母国签订监管合作协议的方法 ,可以消除巴塞尔国际银行监管合作模式所存在的缺陷 ,使该模式有效地发挥作用。     

金融危机以来的欧盟银行法变革:立法修正与经验借鉴

金融危机再一次暴露了欧盟银行业法制的软肋。后危机时代,欧盟分别对金融监管体系、存款保险计划和资本需求三个方面立法进行了全面修正。修正以恢复金融系统稳定作为首要目标,以巴塞尔新资本协议为蓝本,将目标监管这一国际先进监管理念和宏观审慎监管措施纳入欧盟法,增强了欧盟银行业抵御系统性风险的能力,推进了欧盟银行监管一体化进程。危机后欧盟银行法的路径选择启示着中国加强系统性风险管理和宏观审慎立法的紧迫性。存款保险制度应尽快建立,巴塞尔协议标准也需认真采纳,以增强中国金融监管立法的前瞻性。     

《巴塞尔协议》的演变:银行监管新问题与新对策

现代银行业发展迅猛,日益国际化。国际社会也与时俱进,一直在努力合作寻求银行监管的最佳模式,提高监管效率,两个《巴塞尔协议》即是这一努力的结晶。本文旨在分析两个《巴塞尔协议》的演变过程及原因,揭示银行监管的新问题,探讨银行监管新发展对于我国的意义和挑战。     

新旧《巴塞尔资本协议》监管思想之比较——兼论我国银行监管制度的完善

近三十年来,巴塞尔委员会的原则和协议不仅为组成巴塞尔委员会的十国集团所接受,而且也逐渐被非巴塞尔委员会成员国的国家和地区的金融监管当局和银行所自愿接受和认可。新、旧《巴塞尔资本协议》,分别体现了监管当局对银行资本监管的两种监管思想:规则驱动法与过程参与法。对照巴塞尔协议的相关内容,中国的银行监管制度还存在许多亟待解决的问题。受新《巴塞尔资本协议》监管思想的启示,笔者认为,应从四个方面来完善我国的银行监管制度。     

跨国银行监管制度研究

跨国银行监管制度是国际金融法中一项重要的制度，主要有并表监管模式和东道国监管两种模式。中国作为巴塞尔协议的会员国之一，即将面临跨国银行监管制度与国际统一问题。我们可以在借鉴西方的金融监管制度的基础上，考虑自身的特殊性，构建出适合自身发展的跨国银行监管制度。     

巴塞尔Ⅲ框架下我国银行业监管制度的缺陷与完善路径

2008年美国次贷危机不仅给全球经济带来非常恶劣的影响,而且暴露了国际银行监管存在的诸多问题.后危机时代,各国纷纷反思金融危机爆发的原因及缺陷,试图寻求更稳定的金融市场体系.2010年9月,以巴塞尔银行监管委员会(BCBS)为代表的国际组织通过了新的全球监管改革方案,即巴塞尔Ⅲ.该协议提出新的资本框架、首次引入杠杆率监管指标和建立宏观审慎监管框架.虽然我国目前已初步建立银行业监管制度,但与巴塞尔Ⅲ相比,我国银行业监管制度仍存在诸多缺陷.对此,根据国际银行业监管一体化的要求,提出了巴塞尔Ⅲ框架下完善我国银行业监管机制的建议.     

《新巴塞尔协议》下的信息披露机制

信息披露机制是《新巴塞尔协议》中的基本监管制度之一。本文指出了解信息披露机制的产生、内容、意义对促进我国银行业的稳健发展和实现我国银行监管的国际化有着非常重要的意义。     

我国银行境外准入监管法制存在的问题与对策

母国监管已经成为各国跨国银行监管所接受的基本原则 ,我国也早在 1 990年即发布了《境外金融机构管理办法》 ,中国人民银行于 2 0 0 1年又出台了《商业银行境外机构监管指引》 ,这反映了我国对母国监管的重视。但是由于各种原因 ,现有的境外机构准入监管规则存在各种局限性。本文在探讨这些局限性之基础上 ,就我国境外机构准入监管法制的完善提出若干建议。     

伊拉克战争的国际法思考

本文从国际法角度分析伊拉克战争的法律依据及其引起的法律后果 ,探讨国际法在这场战争中面临的挑战。作者认为 :美英对伊动武没有合法的依据 ,它引起相应的国际法律责任 ;不能因为这场战争而否认禁止使用武力原则的作用 ,而是应进一步加强该原则的实施。     

East Meets West in Anti-Money Laundering and Anti-Terrorist Finance: Policy Dialogue and Differentiation on Security, the Timber Trade and ‘Alternative’ Banking

This paper compares and contrasts South East Asian and European Union countries’ perceptions of the priorities for anti money laundering (AML) and anti terrorist finance (ATF) in relation to three industries: security goods and services; the timber trade; and ‘informal’ value transfer and banking services. It might be expected that all countries would equally support each of these aspects of AML/ATF policies, without differentiating between the industries generating the proceeds. As this paper will show, however, historical experiences, contemporary political relations and patterns of trade shape countries’ approaches, resulting in distinctive enthusiasms and reservations. In a nutshell, the EU points most strongly to products and services originating in Asia as posing AML/CTF risks, and locates primary responsibility for monitoring and control as falling within Asia - a projection of risk and responsibility that is reciprocated by Asian countries. Asian countries perceive a need for tighter control of dangerous products exported by the west, for example, small arms and light weapons, and of related money laundering circuits. Asian and European policy makers increasingly articulate concerns over illegal logging and related laundering, however European importers and their governments see responsibilities for this as falling primarily within Asia. Finally, the EU (like the US) perceives high levels of laundering risk in ‘informal’ value transfer/banking services, in which Asian-run businesses have a global competitive advantage. For the future, as the international balance of trade shifts, and as Asia increases its influence in international fora including those concerned with AML/CTF, so the region’s policy preferences may be expected to carry more weight.

我国银行业实行混业经营存在的法律问题及对策

在国际银行业混业经营的发展趋势下,我国目前采取分业经营体制的银行业向混业经营体制转变已是大势所趋。鉴于目前我国金融领域存在着金融机构产权不明、金融监管法律法规体系不健全、各监管主体之间缺乏合理有效的协调机制及金融机构信息披露制度不完善等诸多问题,应通过改革金融机构的产权结构、健全金融监管法律体系,加强各监管主体之间的协调及建立金融机构强制信息披露制度等措施来确保银行业混业经营的实现。     

对影子银行加强监管的国际金融法制改革

2008年金融危机的产生与游离于监管体系之外的影子银行的崩溃密不可分。在后危机时代,国际社会金融监管改革中很重要的一个方面即是加强对影子银行的监管。美欧等发达金融体已纷纷采取多种改革办法加强对其监管。以金融稳定理事会为代表的国际组织亦对影子银行监管进行研究,并形成了相关建议。影子银行对金融体系带来的主要威胁是系统性风险和监管套利,改革现有金融监管法制的重点也在于此。我国应当积极参与此方面的国际金融法制改革,并适时加强国内的法制建设。     

The Banking Crises and Housing Finance: The Political Economy of Financial Deregulation*

This paper explains current problems in the housing and banking industries by reviewing the history of the post-New Deal U. S. banking system as it relates to housing finance. Current problems in banking and housing are seen as the result of the interaction of long waves of growth and decline in the U.S. economy and structured conflict over financial regulation between large commercial banks and a shifting alliance of other social groups. Contemporary problems of affordability, price volatility, and credit “crunches” flow from increasing financial fragility and economic stagnation. Policies to democratize finance and create new financial institutions are considered.     

网络银行业务对传统法律的挑战与回应

网络银行业务在突破传统银行业务理念的同时 ,也对既存的法律制度产生了巨大的冲击与挑战。这主要表现在法律管辖权的确定、电子资金划拨、网络银行的监管及对利用网络银行犯罪等方面。因此 ,既存法律制度的革新是新金融情势下的必然要求。鉴于网络银行的无时空性、虚拟性与跨国界性 ,所以传统法律的变革及全新的立法必须基于网络银行的本质属性 ,同时 ,从国内法与国际法两个层面双管齐下 ,才能使应然的法律适应网络银行业务的内在要求。     

Are there Emerging West African Criminal Networks? The Case of Ghana

This paper situates discussions about emerging African Criminal Networks (ACN) within Ghana specifically, and West Africa generally, and seeks to present the initial results of an empirically based study on the activities of transnational organised criminal (TOCs) groups in Ghana. The paper argues that the nature of state and statehood in Africa and its inability to establish effective regulatory mechanisms contributes to the rise of these particular types of criminal groups. It begins by conceptualising the place of Ghanaian and West African criminal groups within the framework of international crime. Furthermore, it undertakes an in-depth analysis of three types of crimes; namely computer and internet crime, drug trafficking and (artisanal) small arms manufacture and smuggling in Ghana. By applying a set of standard variables and criteria, the paper evaluates the growth of TNCs in these three issue-areas and how such activities potentially undermine public institutions like the Ghana Police Service (GPS), customs, excise and preventive services (CEPS), judiciary, banking and political parties and political institutions in Ghana. Finally, it seeks to offer an explanatory framework for the growth and acceptance by local communities of the activities of organised crime in Ghana by situating this within a cultural ethos and the social welfare roles played by those involved in such crimes.     

Regulating and Combating Underground Banking

In combating and regulating underground banking, a choice can be made of roughly two models, the risk model and the assimilation model. The risk model comes down to a complete prohibition of underground banking combined with an active investigation and prosecution policy. In the assimilation model, underground banking is recognised as a form of financial services but at the same time, all rules that generally apply to financial services are declared applicable to underground bankers. An effort is made simultaneously to lower the threshold of the formal banking system. The international recommendations and legislation—in particular of the Financial Action Task Force and the European Union—take the assimilation model as their starting point, albeit that no or hardly any attention is paid to the role of the formal banking system. With that, relatively little account is taken as yet in the international community of the historic and socio-economic backgrounds of informal banking systems, their embedment in different cultures and the advantages of the services offered. Professor of Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure, VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Law, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology.     

Border carbon adjustments, WTO-law and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities

This paper considers unilateral border measures, as contemplated by a number of developed states in conjunction with domestic emissions reduction schemes, as they relate to international trade and international environmental law. Specifically, I argue that to the extent that WTO-compliance requires strict adherence to the principle of nondiscrimination, as embodied in the national treatment and most-favored nation provisions in the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs, there is the potential for conflict with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR), both as a free-standing principle of customary international law and as set out in various multilateral environmental agreements and, in particular in the climate change context, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. This is insofar as the unilateral imposition of BCAs by developed countries shifts costs of compliance with environmental legislation in developed economies onto the developing world. Such allocation may conflict with the principle of CBDR, which recognizes the unequal contribution to environmental degradation of developed countries as well as their enhanced ability to address the challenges presented by such degradation and, as a consequence, requires that they undertake more onerous obligations with respect to climate change mitigation. The paper concludes with a discussion of the extent to which this conflict is illustrative of a deeper tension between efficiency and equity considerations inherent in the intersection of international economic law and international environmental law.     

货物控制权之研究

在以海运为主要表现形式的国际贸易运输中 ,中途停运权与提单运输存在着法律冲突。为此 ,法律应当明确规定货物控制权。本文分析了货物控制权的含义、货物控制权的权利主体与义务主体、货物控制权的行使、转让与终止 ,并提出了相应的立法建议。