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1.
Crime serves as an important catalyst for change in the socio-economic composition of communities. While such change occurs over a long period of time, crime is capitalized into local housing markets quickly and thus provides an early indicator of neighborhood transition. Using hedonic regression, we quantify this “intangible cost” of crime and extend the crime-housing price literature in several important ways. First, we disaggregate crime to the census tract level. Second, using longitudinal data, we examine changes in crime in addition to the neighborhood levels of crime. Third, we differentiate between the effects of property crime and violent crime. Fourth, we also disaggregate our sample into groups based on per capita income of the census tract. Finally, we show that it is vital to account for the measurement error that is endemic in reported crime statistics. We address this with an instrumental variable approach. Our results indicate that the average impacts of crime rates on house prices are misleading. We find that crime is capitalized at different rates for poor, middle class and wealthy neighborhoods and that violent crime imparts the greatest cost. 相似文献
2.
The National Research Council’s report on evaluating anticrime programs contains sensible suggestions for improving evaluation
research in criminal justice but neglects the important role of substantive theory in linking evaluations of anticrime initiatives
to variation in crime rates across time and place. A working knowledge of crime rates is essential for designing and evaluating
anticrime programs. This essay calls for the development of a policy evaluation infrastructure that would support the continuous
monitoring of crime rates, generate knowledge of crime-producing conditions, and link evaluation research findings to one
another and to expected policy outcomes, notably crime reduction.
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3.
Since the Open and Reform Policy, China has been making great progress toward modernization. A salient phenomenon accompanying
economic boom is increased social inequality and crime, and these are destabilizing Chinese society. This paper shows how
income and social inequality were socially, structurally and institutionally constructed during the reform period because
of a continuation of the pre-reform social strata that deprived peasants of equal access to education, employment, housing,
and health care opportunities. The social inequality gives rise to a huge floating population which is socially disorganized
and has no attachment, commitment, or involvement in communities. Low external control and strain also led to high crime rates
among the floating population.
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4.
Offender profiling postulates that crime scene behavior should predict certain offender characteristics. The aim of this study
is to investigate the relationship between offender characteristics, situational factors, and body disposal patterns. Sequential
logistic regression analysis on a sample of 85 sexual murderers shows that those who were in a relationship at the time of
the crime and who present organized psychological characteristics are more likely to move the victim’s body after the homicide.
However, when the victim is older and a conflict with the offender occurred prior to the crime, the body is more likely to
be left at the crime scene. Implications for offender profiling are discussed in light of the results.
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5.
Recent research has demonstrated that burglary clusters in space and time, resulting in temporal changes in crime hotspot
patterns. Offender foraging behavior would yield the observed pattern. The offender as forager hypothesis is tested by analyzing
patterns in two types of acquisitive crime, burglary and theft from motor vehicle (TFMV). Using a technique developed to detect
disease contagion confirms that both crime types cluster in space and time as predicted, but that the space–time clustering
of burglary is generally independent of that for TFMV. Police detections indicate that crimes of the same type occurring closest
to each other in space and time are those most likely to be cleared to the same offender(s), as predicted. The implications
of the findings for crime forecasting and crime linkage are discussed.
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6.
The article evaluates crime trends in south border American and Mexican sister cities using panel data analysis. The region
offers a unique assessment opportunity since cities are characterized by shared cultural and historical legacies, institutional
heterogeneity, and disparate crime outcomes. Higher homicide rates on the Mexican side seem to result from deficient law enforcement.
Higher population densities in Mexican cities appear to also be a factor. Cultural differences, on the other hand, have been
decreasing, and apparently do not play a substantial role. The homicide rate dynamics show opportunistic clustering of criminal
activity in Mexican cities, while no clustering is found on the American side. Crime also appears to spill from Mexican cities
into American cities. Homicide rates on both sides of the border have been falling faster than countrywide rates, leading,
in the case of American cities, and against stereotypes, to rates below the countrywide rate in 2001.
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7.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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8.
We use data from the Province of Quebec to examine how the characteristics of a crime and the community context in which it
occurs affect the likelihood that it will be cleared by the police. Based on a sample of 362,295 crime incidents clustered
in 93 communities, multilevel analyses reveal that the police are more likely to clear crimes in small communities than in
large urban areas and in communities with greater levels of poverty. Workload is not very important, having only a slight
effect on the clearance of misdemeanors. The fact that offenders are much more likely to evade the law in some communities
than others may have important implications for deterrence. Two methods to improve the evaluation of police departments at
crime clearance are also proposed.
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9.
This paper introduces the work of Project Marc (an EU-funded project to develop mechanisms for assessing the risk of crime)
and discusses both difficulties encountered throughout the project and progress made since the project ended. The authors
introduce the papers contained within this special edition and summarise their relevance to crime-proofing. The paper discusses
progress made within this field in the decade prior to Project Marc and makes recommendations to ensure that the ideas move
forward.
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10.
Over the past decade, a renewed interest in the analysis of crime hot-spots has emerged in the social and behavioral sciences.
Spurred by improvements in computing power, data visualization and geographic information systems, numerous innovative approaches
have materialized for identifying areas of elevated crime in urban environments. Unfortunately, many hot-spot analysis techniques
treat the spatial and temporal aspects of crime as distinct entities, thus ignoring the necessary interaction of space and
time to produce criminal opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to explore the utility of statistical measures for identifying
and comparing the spatio-temporal footprints of robbery, burglary and assault. Functional and visual comparisons for spatio-temporal
clusters are analyzed across a range of space–time values using a comprehensive database of crime events for Cincinnati, Ohio.
Empirical results suggest that robbery, burglary and assault have dramatically different spatio-temporal signatures.
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11.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
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12.
The spectacular business scandals in recent years have led both the legislative and business companies to rethink and redesign
their strategies. This article analyzes the worldwide impact of reforms in economic crime legislation emanating from the USA.
Empirical data are reported showing that the US regulations are generating a spillover effect spreading beyond its sphere
of operation. It is particularly notable that international stock-exchange-listed companies are orienting themselves increasingly
toward the legal standards of the USA.
Translated from the German by Jonathan Harrow, Bielefeld.
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13.
Situational crime prevention has been met with considerable scepticism from academic criminologists primarily for its indifference
to social welfare. It has been seen as contributing to a law-and-order agenda with its focus on making public places secure
for business and as supplanting social welfare policies as means of responding to crime. But situational crime prevention
contributes more to social welfare than sceptics allow and its advocates (may) believe. Situational crime prevention has enjoyed
its fullest and robust expression, not in the free-market, neo-liberal environment of America, but within the leading welfare
states of Norway, Sweden and Denmark. This essay considers the politics of the situational approach, the alleged benefits
of social crime prevention, criminalisation of social policy, unplanned social welfare benefits, assumptions about the role
of business, and concerns about privacy, surveillance and control. The discussion centres on the European experience: the
UK, France, The Netherlands and the Nordic countries.
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14.
This paper provides a preliminary overview of research on organized crime in Asia drawing on selected papers from a symposium
held at the National University of Singapore in June 2007. We draw on these contributions to emphasize the enterprise nature
of organized crime and the common problems encountered by law enforcement in controlling and preventing the many harms inflicted
by serious criminal activity. Recent attempts to address the changing character and forms of transnational organized crime,
especially through the strengthening of mutual legal assistance by regional bodies such as ASEAN, are noted. These measures
have yet to develop into the cross-border institutional frameworks now found in Europe, and the level of effective co-operation
can only continue to improve. Countering organized crime in Asia also faces additional difficulties arising from the cultural
diversity, relative weakness of law enforcement in some states and the lack of common strategies in respect to illicit markets.
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15.
Incarceration rates in many countries (the US and Australia among them) have risen spectacularly over the last twenty years
and are only partially explicable by increases in crime rates. Moreover, in some countries where crime rates have shown a
comparable time-path, incarceration rates have not shown the same spectacular increase. The aim of this paper is to explore
the politics of punishment. The claim is that the US and Australian experiences are best understood in terms of political
considerations; and that this fact lends some support to the “expressive” as distinct from the “interest” approach to electoral
behaviour.
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16.
The sometimes noted contradiction between cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships concerning city population size and crime rates is reexamined using more complex analytic procedures, controlling for extraneous variables, and allowing for non-monotonic relationships. Instead of a simple cross-sectional relationship between population size and crime rates, the more sophisticated analysis reveals either no association or a quadratic relationship. Similarly, instead of a simple lack of longitudinal relationship or a negative one, the more complicated analysis shows a non-monotonic pattern for three of six offenses. However, we contend that these divergent patterns for cross-sectional relative to longitudinal data are not necessarily indicative of an “anomaly.” Instead, they represent different aspects of a dynamic process in need of more extensive theorizing. Finally, the cross-sectional results showing that city size and crime rates are either not linked or when linked are in a non-monotonic pattern call into question one of the accepted relationships in criminology that have long guided thinking about crime. 相似文献
17.
The problem of corporate crime rates has been the subject of debate, speculation and operationalization for decades, largely
stemming from the complexity of measuring this type of crime. Examining corporate environmental crime poses challenges and creates opportunities for advancing the discussion of corporate crime rates, but criminologists
are less familiar with environmental data. In the current paper, we review the strengths and weaknesses of existing environmental
data that can be used to construct the components of an environmental crime rate. We also present a corporate environmental
crime rate derived from data on violations of the Clean Water Act and describe problems with using it in real world data.
Implications for theory, practice and future research are discussed.
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19.
Victimization incidence rates produced from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) are a generally accepted annual
indicator of the amount and type of crime in the United States. However, persons who report a large number of similar victimizations—known
as series victimizations in the NCVS—are currently excluded in government reports of annual violent victimizations. This paper
quantifies the effect of series incident counting procedures on national estimates of violent victimization. The findings
suggest that these high-volume repeat victims can have a significant impact on the magnitude and distribution of violent victimization.
Current government counting rules that exclude series incidents do not include about three out of every five violent victimizations
and distorts the characterization and risk of violence in the United States. However, the inclusion of series incidents introduces
significant estimate instability. One remedy is to use prevalence rates in concert with incidence rates to present a more
complete and reliable picture of victimization.
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20.
There is no scholarly consensus as to the proper functional form of the crime equation, particularly with regard to one critical,
explanatory variable—prison population. The critical questions are whether crime and prison rates must be differenced, whether
they are cointegrated, and whether they are simultaneously determined—whether crime and prison cause one another. To determine
the proper specification, different researchers have applied unit-root, cointegration, and Granger tests to very similar data
sets and obtained very different results. This has led to very different specifications and predictably different implications
for public policy. These differences are more likely to be due to the methods used, rather than to real differences among
the data sets. When the best available methods are used to identify the proper specification for a panel of U.S. states, results
are fairly clear. Crime rates and prison populations are close to unit-root; crime and prison are not cointegrated; crime
clearly affects subsequent prison populations. Thus the best specification of the crime equation must rely on differenced
data and instrumental variables. Alternative specifications run a substantial risk of spurious results.
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