急性心肌缺血早期碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的免疫组化研究

采用免疫组织化学方法，对大鼠急性心肌缺血早期不同时间心脏不同区域碱性成纤维细胞生长因子basicFibroblastGrowthFactor：bFGF）的变化进行了研究。结果发现心肌缺血30min心肌局部即可出现bFGF阳性表达，并且随着缺血时间的延长其阳性表达的强度也有所增加。图像分析处理结果表明，缺血3h其表达水平达到高峰（55.26±14．75），明显高于对照组（7．27±2．49），而与缺血边缘区域（53．08±14．26）和正常区域(53．79±15．71）相当。3h后，心肌缺血区域bFGF的表达开始出现下降趋势，而缺血边缘区域和正常区域则开始呈现上升趋势。可为心肌缺血的早期诊断提供客观的形态学依据。     

早期心肌梗死bFGF的免疫组化研究

采用免疫组化和图像分析与统计学处理方法,对人体早期心肌梗死猝死者心肌中碱性成纤维细胞生长因子 (basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF)的表达进行了研究。结果发现 :心肌梗死组 24例的心肌细胞核以及血管内皮细胞核均为强阳性染色,有些细胞浆也有阳性染色,尤以心肌梗死灶周围区域心肌细胞为甚。可疑梗死组 21例中 17例见心肌细胞核以及血管内皮细胞核为强阳性染色, 4例为弱阳性染色,未见阴性染色。而正常心脏对照组 16例中 3例呈弱阳性染色,其余均为阴性。图像分析与统计学处理结果显示对照组 bFGF阳性指数明显低于心肌梗死组和可疑心肌梗死组（ P< 0.001）,而后两组无显著性差异（ P >0.05）。结果表明 bFGF免疫组化染色可望为早期心肌缺血致猝死的死后诊断提供客观的形态学依据。     

Primary study of vascular endothelial growth factor immunohistochemical staining in the diagnosis of early acute myocardial ischemia

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the model of rat early acute myocardial ischemia was studied by Strept-Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Complex (SABC) immunohistochemical staining. After ligating the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery, an initial rapid (30min) positive expression of VEGF in myocardial ischemic areas was observed, the intensity of positive expression of VEGF increased with the continuation of myocardial ischemia. After 5h infarction, the strongly positive myocytes of SABC-VEGF staining were predominantly limited to perimyocardial infarction areas. No positive expression of VEGF was found in the control group. These findings suggested that SABC-VEGF method could give a sensitive, specific, simple and objective morphologic evidence to the diagnosis of sudden cardiac death caused by acute early myocardial ischemia.     

急性心肌缺血早期血管内皮生长因子的免疫组织化学实验

对大鼠急性心肌缺血早期的不同时间、心脏不同部位的血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的表达，运用免疫组织化学方法进行了研究。结果发现：缺血30min后在缺血心肌局部开始出现VEGF阳性表达，而缺血边缘区域和正常区域心肌在缺血1h后也开始出现VEGF阳性表达，并随着缺血时间的延长，VEGF的表达强度也越来越强。对照组未发现有阳性表达结果.表明运用免疫组化方法检测心肌缺血后心肌局部VEGF的表达，可望作为因心肌缺血导致心脏性猝死案例的诊断标准之一。     

白细胞介素-18在早期心肌缺血和心肌梗死心肌的表达

目的探讨白细胞介素-18(IL-18)对早期心肌缺血(EMI)和心肌梗塞(MI)死后诊断的法医学意义。方法筛选出34例心脏标本,分EMI(11例)、MI(10例)和对照(13例)组,检测心肌IL-18免疫组化染色(SP法)反应,并经全自动图像分析系统分析得到平均光密度值(AOD),所得数据进行统计学分析。结果对照组心肌IL-18免疫组化染色呈阴性,EMI组心肌呈阳性,MI组心肌呈强阳性;其AOD值分别是0.1193±0.0649、0.3827±0.0868、0.4792±0.0884,3组之间差异均具有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论作为判断EMI和MI的指标之一,IL-18对EMI和MI的死后诊断具有法医学意义。     

急性心肌缺血猝死心肌中血红素加氧酶-1的表达

目的观察血红素加氧酶-1（HO-1）在急性心肌缺血猝死心肌细胞胞浆中的表达情况。方法应用免疫组织化学技术（SP法）,对27例可疑早期心肌缺血猝死（早期梗死组）、10例心肌梗死猝死（心肌梗死组）、11例冠心病非心性猝死（对照组1）以及10例正常心肌（对照组2）中HO-1的表达进行观察分析。结果早期梗死组与心肌梗死组在心肌细胞胞浆中HO-1均呈强阳性表达,对照组1和对照组2心肌细胞胞浆中HO-1弱阳性表达或无表达。早期梗死组和心肌梗死组与对照组1和对照组2之间心肌细胞内HO-1表达的差异有显著性意义（P（0.01）;镜下各组心肌细胞胞浆内HO-1表达的阳性面积率及平均光密度差别明显。结论 HO-1可以作为急性心肌缺血所致心性猝死的一个诊断指标。     

大鼠早期心肌缺血纤维蛋白原与肌红蛋白的免疫组织化学对比性研究

按Selye法结扎Wistar大鼠冠状动脉左前降支，复制早期心肌缺血（EMI）模型。根据心肌缺血不同时间（15min、30min、1h、2h、3h）分5个实验组，另设1个对照组；每组取心尖部及其邻近的心肌组织制成石蜡切片，进行HE、链霉系合素生物素过氧化物酶（SAB）染色。结果表明：早期心肌缺血30min组，缺血区心肌即出现肌红蛋白（Mb）缺失和纤维蛋白原（Fg）染色增强。随着缺血时间延长，Mb缺失或Fg染色增强范围扩大，程度加重，从心内膜下向外层心肌发展呈“波浪式推进现象”，二者在心肌缺血过程中的变化规律相同，灵敏度相似，但Fg易受血液污染而致其可靠性较Mb差。在注意血液污染的前提下，SABC－Fg技术为诊断EMI提供了新的途径。     

大鼠急性心肌缺血早期内皮素的免疫组化染色观察

目的　探讨实验性大鼠心肌缺血后内皮素在心肌组织内的表达变化。方法　运用免疫组化技术 (SABC法 ) ,对分别经过单纯缝线结扎、药物、脂质饮食预处理后结扎及假结扎处理的 5组 60只实验大鼠 ,在冠脉左前降支结扎后的不同时间点 ,观察心肌组织的内皮素表达情况。结果　阳性组各个分组的大鼠在心肌缺血早期均出现了内皮素的阳性表达 ,且经过预处理、存在慢性心肌缺血倾向的大鼠在更短的时间内出现了阳性染色 ;而假结扎对照组未见明显的阳性染色。结论　内皮素免疫组化检测可作为早期心肌缺血的病理诊断指标之一 ,并可为心性猝死 (SCD)的诊断提供形态学依据。     

Immunohistochemical study of basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor expression for age determination of cutaneous wounds

The authors investigated the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) during skin wound healing using immunohistochemical techniques. After a full-thickness incision was made on the dorsal skin, mice were killed 0.5, 1, 3, 8, 24, 72, 144, or 240 hours after incision, and the wound was excised. To evaluate the influences of postmortem degeneration, cutaneous wound excision was performed 1 to 5 days after the mice were killed. The excised wounds were stained by the conventional streptoavidin-biotinylated peroxidase complex method, using specific antibodies, and the ratio of the number of positive cells to total cells was determined. Expression of bFGF was detected in the nuclei of epidermal cells and fibroblasts in the early 0.5- to 1-hour phases and the late 24- to 144-hour phases. Expression of VEGF was detected in the cytoplasm of epidermal cells in the 24- to 144-hour phases. Immunoreactivity of both cytokines was detected 1 day post mortem and was especially well preserved in the fibroblasts. Time-dependent expression of both factors suggested that they would be useful markers for the determination of wound age. However, bFGF should be superior to VEGF because of its earlier expression and because of its more persistent expression in dermal fibroblasts with increasing postmortem interval.     

病毒性心肌炎心肌碱性成纤维生长因子的实验研究

用 8只小鼠接种柯萨奇 B3病毒（ Coxsackie B3 viral CVB3）,形成病毒性心肌炎动物模型。用免疫组织化学方法对心肌碱性成纤维生长因子（ basic Fibroblast Growth Factor:bFGF）的变化进行了研究。目的是观察 CVB3对心肌的损害。结果发现小鼠感染病毒第 3天病变心肌中即有 bFGF阳性表达,并且随病程的延长其阳性程度随之增加。常规 HE染色通常在感染病毒 5天后才出现明显的镜下改变。本研究提示 bFGF可以为病毒性心肌炎早期轻微病变的判定提供帮助。     

心肌缺血早期表达蛋白的质谱研究

目的用SELDI-TOFMS观察大鼠急性心肌缺血后心肌蛋白质谱的变化规律,筛选心肌缺血的蛋白标记物,为法医学心源性猝死的诊断提供依据。方法SD大鼠分成手术组,假手术组和非手术对照组。在结扎大鼠冠脉前降支后5min～6h内不同的时间段取大鼠心肌组织。蛋白提取后用CM10芯片结合SELDI-TOFMS质谱仪检测。结果血清CM10芯片检测到3个缺血后蛋白峰,质荷比(m/z)分别为6304Da、8337Da、8375Da,在手术组中阳性率和特异性均为100%,假手术组和非手术组中均没有发现。特异性升高的峰有3个:峰6658Da、6876Da,都是在实验组中≥15min以后升高2倍以上,8577Da峰则在缺血≥5min组升高。结论大鼠心肌组织中6304Da、8337Da、8375Da蛋白峰都是急性心肌缺血后的较为特异性改变,可在心肌缺血后5min内出现,有可能做为心肌缺血的蛋白标记,亦可能用于心肌缺血和法医学心源性猝死的诊断。     

Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of human brain basic fibroblast growth factor, glial fibrillary acidic protein and single-stranded DNA expressions following traumatic brain injury

Previous studies demonstrated the healing process after traumatic brain injury (TBI), usually at the site or in the area adjacent to the injury, in connection with wound timing. However, the whole brain condition after TBI has not been elucidated clearly. In the present study, we investigated immunohistochemistry of the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in the parietal lobe and hippocampus distant from the primary injury site in forensic autopsy cases of TBI (n=174). Characteristic findings were detected with regard to brain compression signs and survival time (ST). Peracute deaths (n=22) had a lower GFAP positivity in the parietal white matter. Fatalities without a brain compression sign (parahippocampal herniation/Duret hemorrhage; n=53) had a lower brain weight without glial loss; however, GFAP positivity in the parietal white matter was decreased during ST of <12h, and glial bFGF positivity was increased at each site in deaths after 12h to 3 days, followed by a delayed neuronal loss after 3 days. Fatalities with a brain compression sign (n=78) showed a higher brain weight, and gradual glial and neuronal losses with an early increase of glial bFGF positivity in the parietal cerebral cortex (ST <0.5h). This was followed by an increase of glial bFGF positivity in other sites (ST, 6-24h), and final decreases of glial bFGF and GFAP positivities with increased neuronal ssDNA positivity in the parietal lobe and hippocampus (ST >3 days), which were detected in earlier deaths despite decompressive craniectomy (ST, 12-60h; n=21). These observations suggest that the combined use of bFGF, GFAP and ssDNA immunohistochemistry can be used to evaluate the severity of damage and response of brain after TBI.     

实验性早期心肌缺血补体C5的免疫组织化学研究

建立大鼠急性心肌缺血模型。应用免疫组织化学方法和图像分析技术 ,对急性心肌缺血早期不同缺血时间心肌细胞内补体C5的变化进行研究。结果发现 :C5在心肌缺血 15min即可出现阳性反应 ,并随缺血时间的延长 ,其反应面积逐步增大。心肌细胞内C5阳性是早期心肌缺血的敏感指标 ,免疫组织化学染色法检测心肌细胞内C5的变化可望成为早期心肌缺血死后诊断的一种有意义的手段     

VEGF在早期心肌梗死死后诊断中的应用

运用免疫组化方法和图像分析与统计学处理系统 ,对人体心脏标本VEGF的表达进行定量研究。结果显示 :心肌梗死组 2 4例心脏标本心肌细胞膜及血管内皮细胞膜均可见棕黄色VEGF强阳性染色 ,有些胞浆也呈阳性 ,尤以心肌梗死灶周围区域心肌细胞为甚 ;在可疑梗死组 2 1例中 ,19例心肌细胞膜及血管内皮细胞膜VEGF强阳性 ,2例为弱阳性 ,未见阴性 ;在正常心脏对照组 16例中 ,仅 1例见心肌细胞膜及血管内皮细胞膜散在棕黄色VEGF弱阳性 ,其余均为阴性。图像分析与统计学处理结果表明 ,对照组VEGF阳性指数 ( 0 3 0± 0 10 )明显低于心肌梗死组 ( 12 46± 3 2 6,P<0 0 1)和可疑梗死组 ( 11 70± 3 5 6,P <0 0 1) ,后两组之间阳性指数无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 )。提示运用免疫组化染色方法结合图像分析处理技术定量检测心肌局部VEGF的表达可望作为因早期心肌缺血导致心脏性猝死死后诊断较为客观的病理形态学指标之一。     

早期心肌缺血心肌细胞凋亡的实验研究

探讨早期心肌缺血心肌细胞凋亡的意义。采用DNA缺口末端标记法 (TUNEL)对大鼠实验性心肌缺血早期 (6h内 )不同时间缺血损伤区心肌细胞凋亡的情况进行观察。结果 :缺血 1h在缺血区域发现少数散在的凋亡阳性细胞 ,3h达高峰 ,随后下降。正常区域未发现凋亡细胞。缺血边缘区域也在缺血 1h局部开始出现心肌细胞凋亡 ,并随缺血时间延长心肌细胞凋亡指数增加 ,缺血 5h达高峰。表明凋亡是早期缺血性心肌细胞损伤的主要方式 ,心肌凋亡检测可望为早期心肌梗死的死后诊断提供一个灵敏客观的新方法。     

实验性早期心肌缺血c-fos-mRNA原位杂交研究

用原位杂交和图像分析技术 ,观察大鼠实验性急性心肌缺血模型心肌细胞c fos mRNA的表达情况。结果显示 :正常心肌细胞表达少量c fos mRNA ;急性心肌缺血 15min ,心肌细胞表达c fos mRNA的阳性反应增强 ,心肌缺血后 30min ,c fos mRNA阳性反应达到最高峰 ,以后逐步下降。表明 :c fos mRNA的原位杂交检测可为一项灵敏的急性心肌缺血的死后诊断指标。     

Sudden cardiac death and myocardial ischemia indicators: a comparative study of four immunohistochemical markers

The postmortem diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction represents a current challenge for forensic pathologists, particularly when death occurs within minutes to a few hours after the ischemic insult. Among the adult population the single most important cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the well-known atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, commonly asymptomatic or unrecognized. The recognition of early myocardial damage using routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is possible only if death has occurred at least 6 hours after the onset of the ischemic injury. The usefulness of immunohistochemical markers to the diagnosis of early myocardial damage has been recently suggested because most of them can be visible even serologically as early as few minutes after the beginning of the symptoms. To evaluate the usefulness of plasma and cellular antigens, their distribution patterns have been studied among a group of 18 SCD cases in which a myocardial ischemia was strongly suspected. For the present study, 4 markers have been selected on the basis of their different diagnostic potential as follows: among the plasma markers the C5b-9 and fibronectin, among the cellular markers the myoglobin and cardiac troponin. The results show that only the study of multiple markers such as those selected can provide enough evidence of myocardial ischemia and/or necrosis, supporting the final diagnosis of SCD. No single immunohistochemical staining is ideal for diagnosing early myocardial ischemia but a set of markers can improve the ability of forensic pathologists to detect ischemic areas when no macroscopic or microscopic evidence of necrosis is available. However, the interpretation of data obtained in each individual cannot be isolated from the overall assessment of the factors (cardiopulmonary resuscitation and/or agonal artifacts) that can affect the expression of each marker.     

心肌早期缺血再灌流损伤免疫组化观察

探询原癌基因c fos蛋白产物在心肌早期缺血再灌流损伤中的病理形态学改变。用SD大白鼠建立心肌早期缺血再灌流损伤模型 ,3 2只大鼠分为正常、缺血对照组与缺血再灌流组。心脏标本经HE染色及免疫组化观察。结果发现 :在缺血 3 0min再灌流 3 0min后 ,再灌流区心肌细胞有部分细胞核 ( 3 7 76%± 9 66% )呈弱阳性着色 ,而在缺血 60min再灌流 3 0min后 ,心肌细胞核 ( 4 0 3 4 %± 3 3 2 % )呈棕褐色阳性染色 ,但正常和单纯缺血组心肌细胞核未见有阳性反应 ;HE染色无明显改变。提示c fos蛋白免疫组化对显示实验性心肌早期缺血再灌流损伤有重要的价值