单位犯罪理念与实践的冲突

单位犯罪的理念与司法实践之间是存在冲突的,如理论上认为单位犯罪比自然人犯罪危害性严重,而实际上单位犯罪的性质认定往往成为从轻辩护的理由;理论上认为单位犯罪的主体是单位,而实践中单位犯罪的被告常空缺;理论上认为单位主体的特征是合法性、独立性、组织性,而实践中往往很少关注其组织性;理论上认为单位犯罪实行法定处罚原则,而实践中将单位实施的只能由自然人构成的犯罪以犯罪论处了。作者不仅提出单位犯罪的理念与司法实践之间存在冲突问题,还提出了相应的分析和个人见解。     

法与德的冲突及其法理思考

作为社会调整的基本规范,法与德冲突与互补同在,矛盾与互动并行。透视该种态势存在的根据,把握两种规范的社会定位,缓解乃至部分消除法与德的冲突,建立两者之间的协调互动关系,正是本文主旨所在。实践中的执法、司法的道德化倾向不仅混淆了法与德的界限,而且背离了法治社会的本质要求。     

评萨维尼关于冲突法与国家主权关系的学说

近现代的冲突法制度奠基于萨维尼的冲突法思想基础之上,然而萨维尼未能真正调和冲突法制度与国家主权原则之间的矛盾,他的由内国法院适用外国法律处理跨国纠纷的思想以及奠基于这一思想的冲突法制度由于其不能提供预见性而无法为跨国民商事法律秩序的构建提供帮助,具有重大的理论缺陷。任何形式的此种秩序的建立最终离不开主权国家间的协调。     

情理与法的冲突:呼唤刑事附带民事的公费辅助补偿——“马加爵案”刑事附带民事判决的法理评析

从“马加爵案”刑事附带民事判决的合法性、合理性和可执行上可以看出,该案民事判决部分的合法性虽然能够得到证明,但是欠缺合理性;而且生效判决难以执行。显露出我国刑事附带民事赔偿制度存在着情理法的严重冲突。解决的办法是对附带民事赔偿采取全面赔偿的原则,并有必要建立刑事附带民事的公费辅助补偿制度。     

The Law and Incapacity Determinations: A Conflict of Governance?

This article will consider the highly charged questions raised by two major sets of law reforms in England and Wales, the Mental Capacity Act 2005 and the Mental Health Act 2007, which, although applying to closely related clinical populations, proceeded along entirely separate legislative paths. By justifying its proposals for reform of mental health legislation on the grounds of 'risk', the Government failed to take into account the implications of enforced treatment on patients who may retain decision-making capacity.     

Lee v Ashers Baking Company Ltd and Others: The Inapplicability of Discrimination Law to an Illusory Conflict of Rights

Providers of customised goods and services do not directly discriminate against a customer when their refusal to fulfil an order is based on their objection to the message requested by the latter and not on any protected characteristics of the person. This is the conclusion reached by the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom when faced with a claim of direct discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation and religious beliefs or political opinions contrary to two Northern Ireland Statutory Rules against a bakery which objected to incorporating the message ‘Support Gay Marriage’ into a cake. In this case comment it is argued that the Supreme Court correctly identified the crucial distinction between a message and a person for the purposes of discrimination law. Each of the two grounds of discrimination at issue is examined and an explanation for the inapplicability of a finding of discrimination on either is offered.     

法与人:从对立到和谐

人是法的逻辑起点,法是基于人的需要而产生的规则体系,因而法与人应该是相协调的,法应该以人为本;然而,在阶级社会,法异化了,或以神为本,或以物为本,法与人相对立。法的异化扭曲了法的本质,背离了法的本意,制约着人的发展。法回归于人,法与人和谐统一,既是法发展的必然趋势,也是人发展的客观要求。马克思主义法学世界观为法回归于人奠定了理论根基,社会主义制度为法回归于人提供了先决条件。目前,我国在法的人本化方面取得了很大进展,但要实现法与人的和谐统一,还必须做出多方面努力。     

美国加征关税的国内法与国际法规则运用冲突研究

在全球经济增长放缓的背景下,加征关税已经成为国家间贸易摩擦的重要形式。自2016年以来,美国不断增加对中国加征关税的额度,加征关税的法律依据也更加多样化。美国加征关税的法律依据主要分为针对不公平贸易行为、保障措施和国家安全例外三大类型。美国加征关税的国内法与国际法规则运用存在长期冲突,根源在于美国加征关税立法上确立的美国法优先原则,这将对今后国际贸易体系的改革和发展产生重大阻力。     

民法典中冲突法与实体法关系三题

冲突法与实体法并存于民法典中,是未来我国冲突法的基本存在形式。在这种情形下,如何在同一法典中协调两种不同性质法律的关系,值得思考。实际上,民法典中的冲突法即使与实体法具有相同的概念形式,其含义和范畴也大相径庭;冲突法以调整涉外民商事法律关系为要旨,其规定的内容也必然较实体法广博;更重要的是,冲突法也并非与实体法是一种直线型的“上下位”关系,冲突规范可以由当事人的合意加以排除。     

我国现行法律解释与法治观念的冲突

我国现行法律解释对于正确实施法律和弥补立法粗疏等方面起到了积极作用,但是由于复杂的历史和现实原因,现行法律解释在制度和观念等方面均与法治存在冲突。这些冲突主要表现在法律解释的法律依据的规范性程度差;在法律解释主体方面存在立法解释和检察解释,行政解释权过大等。     

Bushwhacking the Ethical High Road: Conflict of Interest in the Practice of Law and Real Life

A long‐standing scholarly tradition regards professions, in general, and ethics rules, in particular, as “projects” of market control. It is no surprise, critics charge, that in the latest assault on the monopoly of the American legal profession–waged by multidisciplinary professional service firms–lawyers are hiding behind their ethics rules to protect their turf. In this article, I report on an extensive empirical study of conflict of interest in private legal practice and look comparatively at other fiduciaries, among them, accountants, psychotherapists, physicians, journalists, and academics. I investigate the role of ethics rules that seek to insure fiduciary loyalty in structuring the delivery of services. How does social and institutional change, roiling the fiduciary world, threaten disinterestedness and loyalty and how, if at all, do fiduciaries respond? How is the regulation of conflict of interest accomplished? Where are the conflicts rules most likely to be honored or ignored? What incentive structures encourage compliance? What are the costs and unexpected consequences of compliance? What is foregone? And is it all worth it? In what might come as a surprise to many, I find that the legal profession takes conflict of interest more seriously than many of the rest of us. As the title implies, legal practitioners largely travel alone, bushwhacking through the underbrush snarling the ethical high road. As critical scholarship predicted, lawyers do enjoy a monopoly at the end of the road. But this monopoly is achieved, not by restraint of trade or some other artifice or stratagem of market control, but by lack of competition. It seems that no one else is trudging alongside the lawyers. Lawyers are not necessarily more ethical than the others; they just behave more ethically–at least with respect to conflict of interest. The question is why. And what difference does it make?     

谈法官与社区关系的话语冲突与实践困境

在法官与社区关系上,一方面强调法官融入社区,与群众＂亲密接触＂,另一方面提倡在法官与当事人间建立＂防火墙＂,法官与社区＂保持距离＂。本文认为,矛盾的基点在于不同的司法理念和现实的需要。一方面法官与社区之间应保持适当距离,另一方面司法应有一定的开放性,以免与社会脱节。然而,实践中往往难于掌握两者之间关系的＂度＂,以致陷入非此即彼的困境。     

Conflict Between Doctor and Patient

"The belief that doctors can act on behalf of patients denies the existence of inevitable conflict." Jay Katz¹     

民国时期钱业习惯法与国家法的冲突——以三十年代银行立法为视角

上世纪三十年代我国加强了银行立法,以实现金融垄断。1931年《银行法》是其颁布的第一部银行法,对银行设立条件、资本额、监管体制等均采取严格主义,有一定进步性。但为将钱庄纳入垄断金融体系,该法以许多规定否定钱业习惯法,以打击其势力,体现了法律规则与习惯规则调整社会秩序的不同效力,也是阶级利益冲突在法律上的反映。从钱业习惯法与银行法的冲突,可见习惯法有其存在的合理性,能弥补国家法的缺陷,实现社会法律多元化。     

我国刑事司法中法律评价与道德评价的冲突论

本文从刑事法律与道德的一般关系出发,阐述了刑事司法中法律评价与道德评价的关系,认为道德评价对司法人员的法律评价存在着一定的影响;文章分析了刑事司法中的法律评价与道德评价冲突的原因和方式,认为刑事法律评价与道德评价的冲突实质上是法律文化与道德文化的冲突,这种冲突在我国司法实践中有三种不同的表现方式;文章同时分析了司法实践中对于刑事法律评价与道德评价冲突的二种不同的协调方式及其利弊。     

金融调控法与金融监管法关系论

根据法理学有关法律部门调整对象单一性的理论,金融法并不是一个独立的法律部门,而是由金融调控法、金融监管法以及金融交易法等三部分组成。但长期以来,经济法学研究忽略了这一点,尤其是在宏观调控法的研究上,即表现为随意把与金融调控法性质迥异的金融监管法或金融交易法划入宏观调控法体系。当然,如果说金融交易法与金融调控法的区别还是比较明显的话,金融监管法与金融调控法之间则确实存在着让人容易混淆的地方;为此,我们必须从调整对象、法律行为以及法律渊源三方面入手,对金融监管法与金融调控法的差异作出区分与比较,以求对金融法与宏观调控法的理论研究有所裨益。     

试论国际法之不成体系问题——兼及国际法规则的冲突与协调

国际法领域的扩展使不同国际法规则之间的冲突大大增加,国际法发展呈现不成体系的特征。演进中的国际法并非一个统一的体系,现代国际法表现为国际共存法和国际合作法并存,并在发展趋向上向价值定向发展。国际法随着范围的扩展形成大量次级体系,不同的次级体系多能“自成体系”并“专题自主”的特征,导致规则的冲突增加,造成在适用国际法规则上的困难。究其原因,一方面由于国际法自身的固有特征,另一方面则是国际法领域的扩展等新趋势导致的。国际法要研究如何防止并协调国际法规则矛盾与冲突,但是很难使之成为一个真正统一的体系,另一方面国际法的不成体系的特性却使国际法充满了张力。