跨国公司侵犯人权行为的法律规制简

在当前国际经济秩序中,跨国公司凭借其强大的经济实力愈发扮演起重要的角色.跨国公司在经营活动中,侵犯东道国人权的问题已引起广泛关注.然而,现行法律框架不足以规制跨国公司在东道国侵犯人权的行为.在现行国际法规制模式下,跨国公司不是国际法主体,国际法无法直接规制跨国公司行为.在现行国内法规制模式下,东道国没有实力进行规制,甚至有些侵犯人权行为在东道国法律体系下根本不构成违法;母国没有意愿进行规制,唯一相关的母国立法,即美国ATCA存在诸多缺陷,实际效果有限.通过母国法律规制母公司的行为是一种解决途径,主要基于“企业理论”使母公司对子公司在东道国的侵犯人权行为承担责任,或者母国通过立法给母公司施加规制子公司行为的义务,但是该途径也在法律上及实践中存在障碍.根本的解决途径是促使发展中东道国积极签署并切实履行人权保护相关公约,来规制境内跨国公司侵犯人权的行为,提升本国法治环境.     

无线射频识别技术应用中的隐私法律问题研究

在信息时代的背景下,无线射频识别技术（Radio Frequency Identification,简称为RFID）为人们的生产和生活带来极大的便利。然而一刀双刃,RFID技术也必然会带来众多的冲击与隐忧,特别是对个人隐私权的侵害问题。因此,应当借鉴欧美的先进立法经验,建立RFID隐私保护的立法;逐渐强化以政府为主导的行业自律建设;并不断增强公民对RFID隐私权的自我保护意识。     

Protective order legislation: Trends in state statutes

Very little research has examined state legislation on protective orders. This study examined recent state statutes and compared the findings with a landmark 1988 study. Results indicated that more recent laws provided greater access to victims and expanded their eligible populations to include categories that were excluded in earlier legislation (i.e., dating partners, sexual partners, and same-sex partners). Orders increased slightly in duration and there were more access to them outside of normal working hours. Compared with earlier legislation, newer laws were more apt to authorize judges to fashion remedies that address financial matters. Penalties for violations remained relatively stable, although states were increasingly willing to use enhanced sanctions for repeat offenders. States continued to use mandatory arrest to enforce orders, although this trend was not as pronounced as one might have anticipated. Finally, legislators incorporated many aspects of new federal legislation into state statutes.     

论网络隐私权的立法保护

在日新月异的高科技发展过程中,弘扬人的主体性,保障人格尊严、生活自由、个人权利之不可侵犯,是民法学与时俱进的使命。网络信息技术的飞速发展和广泛应用,在带给人们方便、快捷的生活方式和巨大商业利益的同时,也给人们隐私权的保护带来了新的挑战。实践中网上侵权事件,尤其是侵害网络隐私权的事件频繁发生,使得网络隐私权的立法保护成为理论和实践中的一个热点问题。本文通过研究以美国和欧盟为代表的两大立法模式以及目前我国在网络隐私权方面的立法状况,对构建我国网络隐私权立法保护体系提出了一些对策和建议。     

论诉讼程序的转换——以刑事诉讼为视角

刑事诉讼司法实践中,简易程序、认罪答辩程序和普通程序基本对应了由轻到重的案件,而且各种程序都有其在解决刑事纠纷方面的重大价值和意义.然而各刑事程序的转换是单向的、有限的,这既不能体现司法实际的需要,也没有体现公正和效率.以刑事诉权理论为基石,立足于刑事程序的多样性,要求在不同的程序之间进行适当的转换,对于连接三种程序,保证三者的正常运行和发挥作用具有重要意义.同时,为确保公正与效率,亦需在转换后的审理方式、审判组织、审限等方面进行明确.     

大数据背景下个人生物识别信息安全的法律规制

个人生物识别信息具有个人数据的唯一性、程序识别性、可复制性、损害的不可逆性及信息的关联性等特征。在大数据背景下,个人生物识别信息的广泛应用会带来严重的生物信息安全风险,其滥用可造成隐私权、平等权和财产权等权益受到侵犯,需要立法进行全方位规制。我国目前个人生物信息的相关立法存在总体位阶较低且内容分散、保护范围狭窄、权利义务边界不清、法律责任不明晰等缺陷,应当采取渐进式专门立法的思路,完善现有相关部门法关于个人生物信息的规制内容,构建层次分明、内外协调的个人生物识别信息安全保护的法律体系。     

科学发展观与职务犯罪侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人的人权保障

在职务犯罪的侦查阶段,由于侦查机关掌握法律赋予的广泛而强大的权力,而犯罪嫌疑人只是消极的被追诉方,双方的力量相差悬殊,因此,侦查机关的侦查活动必然涉及到对犯罪嫌疑人人身自由、个人隐私以及各种财产权利的限制与剥夺,两者的权利必然发生碰撞,犯罪嫌疑人的个人权利必然会受到侵犯。检察工作必须始终贯彻科学发展观,落实到职务犯罪侦查中,就是要正确处理好惩治犯罪与保障人权的关系。结合现行法律和司法实践,笔者封存在侵犯犯罪嫌疑人人权的问题以及原因进行分析。同时。笔者认为应从法律本土化、地方性知识的角度出发,从转变侦查观念、完善立法、转变侦查模式、强化监督四个方面入手,对职务犯罪侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人的人权进行保障。     

On the expansion of species protection in Nepal: Advances and pitfalls of new efforts to implement and comply with CITES

Abstract

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) has proven particularly difficult to implement due to the complex legal requirements that it imposes on its parties. As with many other nations, Nepal lacks national implementing legislation, which has greatly hindered compliance with the treaty's provisions in the country and, indirectly, in the region. Here we explore several case studies of actual and potential CITES violations in Nepal that have come to light in the past decade, and review new draft legislation that is designed to implement the Convention and close gaps in enforcement. We predict that some gaps will remain regarding implementation and compliance with CITES in Nepal, and make several recommendations to address these issues via rule‐making procedures during the formulation of Regulations and via the actions of the CITES Coordination Council, a provision in the draft Act that is designed to improve cross‐sectoral cooperation.     

Beyond the anti-kickback statute: new entities, new theories in healthcare fraud prosecutions

The authors analyze existing and developing trends in healthcare fraud litigation. They first review the traditional use of the Medicare-Medicaid Anti-Kickback Statute to prosecute such fraudulent activity. They then consider newer theories that have been employed, or may be employed, in cases involving payors, middlemen, agents, and fiduciaries. These include the use of the Civil False Claims Act, the Federal Travel Act, and the Public Contracts Anti-Kickback (sometimes incorporating violations under state commercial bribery and similar state legislation to form the basis of a federal claim or prosecution). The Article then turns to a discussion and warning of attorneys' potential liability for a client's kickback arrangements. Finally, the Article takes a very brief look at relationships under Medicare Part D that may well prove to be a fertile area of problematic conduct, public and congressional scrutiny, and prosecutions utilizing some of these theories.     

论产品质量行政处罚对刑法机制的冲击及解决路径

刑法介入产品质量监管的必要性源于产品质量法的局限性.我国产品质量监管中的实际问题是行政执法机关对制售伪劣商品犯罪行为的“以罚代刑”,其根源在于我国立法对产品质量监管中行政权与刑事司法权之间界限标准的不合理,单一的数额标准为行政执法机关“以罚代刑”提供了制度空间.本文认为,要想从根本上解决问题应当去除“以数额入罪”的模式,选择“立法定性、司法定量”的定罪模式,将制售伪劣商品行政违法行为变为轻罪,并配置单一的罚金刑.     

Supervision Intensity and Parole Outcomes: A Competing Risks Approach to Criminal and Technical Parole Violations

Recent scholarship about parole supervision indicates that higher supervision intensity is associated with an increased risk of parole violations. However, parole violations can take many forms—some minor and some serious—and theory suggests that supervision intensity might have differential effects depending upon the type of violation. We use “competing risks” survival models to identify supervision effects on five types of parole violations among 79,082 individuals released from prison in California: absconding, technical violations, drug use, violent offenses, and sexual offenses. We find that supervision effects are strongest for absconding violations. Past sexual offending also triggers significant supervision effects for technical violations, drug use violations, and violent violations. We conclude that parole violation patterns are influenced by parolee behaviors, the amount of attention the state is paying to those behaviors, and official markers of criminal dangerousness that are attached to particular parolees.     

The Legal Context of School Violence: The Effectiveness of Federal, State, and Local Law Enforcement Efforts to Reduce Gun Violence in Schools

In the wake of recent school shootings, communities and legislatures are searching for law enforcement solutions to the perceived epidemic of school violence. A variety of legal measures have been debated and proposed. These include: the enactment of tougher gun control laws and more vigorous federal and local enforcement of existing gun control laws; the enactment of laws imposing civil or criminal liability on parents for their children's violent behavior; the establishment of specialized courts and prosecution strategies for handling juveniles who are charged with weapons offenses; stricter enforcement of school disciplinary codes; reform of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act to make it easier to expel students for weapons violations; and greater use of alternative schools as placements for students who are charged with weapons violations.
  This article provides a legal and empirical analysis of proposed legislation in these areas as informed by social science research on the patterns of school violence, gun acquisition by juveniles, and the effectiveness of various laws and law enforcement measures. It proposes and discusses recommendations for legal reform. While efforts to reduce school violence will be most effective at the state and local levels, the United States federal government has an important role to play, particularly in federal‐state partnerships aimed at disrupting illegal gun markets, and through the formulation of national standards and guidelines. These standards and guidelines are for the enforcement of existing laws; inter‐agency law enforcement cooperation and information‐sharing (particularly using computer‐based analysis); effective school discipline and alternative educational settings for disruptive youth; and psycho‐educational interventions designed to detect and prevent school violence in the first place.     

Legal mobilization in schools: the paradox of rights and race among youth

In this article, we analyze ethnoracial patterns in youth perceptions and responses to rights violations and advance a new model of legal mobilization that includes formal, quasi-, and extralegal action. Slightly more than half of the 5,461 students in our sample reported past rights violations involving discrimination, harassment, freedom of expression/assembly, and due process violations in disciplinary procedures. Students, regardless of race, are more likely to take extralegal than formal legal actions in response to perceived rights violations. Self-identified African American and Latino/a students are significantly more likely than white and Asian American students to perceive rights violations and are more likely to claim they would take formal legal action in response to hypothetical rights violations. However, when they perceive rights violations, African American and Asian American students are no more likely than whites to take formal legal action and Latino/a students are less likely than whites to take formal legal action. We draw on in-depth interviews with youth and adults—which we interlace with our quantitative findings—to explore the interpretive dynamics underlying these survey findings, and we offer several theoretical and methodological implications of our work.     

论证券行政违法行为的成立要件

近年来,证券领域违法案件频发,证券监管机关作出了大量的行政处罚。然而,行政违法行为成立要件缺失造成了行政处罚证明标准抽象化、归责原则适用混乱等问题。行政违法行为成立要件与犯罪构成要件之间存在亲缘性。建构证券行政违法行为成立要件理论需要做好对刑法犯罪构成要件理论的“扬与弃”的工作,从违法客观方面、违法客体、违法主观方面、违法主体等方面进行规定。违法客体依附违法客观方面。违法客观方面包括违法行为、危害结果以及违法的时间、地点等内容,应以危害结果纳入为原则,不纳入为例外。违法主体是必要条件,但已内含于证券从业要求。违法主观方面,应当充分考虑主观过错在违法认定中的影响。四方面内容在结构上并非是同一平面上的耦合式逻辑,而是一种递进式、阶层式的逻辑结构。     

Impact of drug use on inmate misconduct: A multilevel analysis

Despite the importance of drug use problems among offenders, relatively little was known about whether drug use history affected inmate behavior in prison. Using data from the 1997 survey of inmates in state facilities in the U.S., this study examined the following relationships: the effect of drug use prior to incarceration on substance rule violations per month during incarceration and the effect of drug use prior to incarceration on non-substance rule violations per month in prison. This study revealed that the variable drug use history was a significant predictor of substance rule violations per month and of non-substance rule violations per month in prison. The implications of the findings are also discussed.     

Monitoring high-risk sex offenders with GPS

In response to media attention and public demand, legislation increasingly mandates more stringent surveillance for sex offenders. This trend towards greater supervision resulted in the lifetime GPS monitoring of high-risk sex offenders (HRSO) in California. This study assesses the impact of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation’s GPS program for HRSOs by employing a quasi-experimental design. The treatment group was drawn from all HRSO who were released from prison and placed on GPS monitoring in California. To identify comparison individuals likely to have pretreatment risk characteristics similar to those in the treatment group, a propensity score matching procedure was performed. The final sample included 516 subjects equally divided between the treatment and control groups. Data was assessed using Cox proportional hazards survival analysis clustering participants by parole district. Results showed the GPS condition was associated with significantly fewer parole registration and arrest violations, arrests, and convictions. These results are discussed in relation to other electronic monitoring research, the policy implications for the increasing use of this technology, and its effectiveness in reducing crime, prison populations, and ensuring public safety.     

Combatting peer-to-peer file sharing of copyrighted material via anti-piracy laws: Issues,trends, and solutions

This article analyses potential end-user copyright violations associated with peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing and the anti-piracy efforts currently underway in order to tackle them. This article discusses international developments in terms of trends, issues and solutions aimed at addressing peer-to-peer file sharing of copyrighted material. First, the article introduces P2P file sharing, its increasing significance in the growing digital media economy, and the legal issues surrounding this topic. Next, the article provides a comparative analysis of global efforts and trends in preventing digital piracy by analyzing relevant legislation, case law and practices in multiple jurisdictions, including the United States, United Kingdom, France, Sweden, and Japan. In addition, the article reviews Hong Kong's current case law and proposed legal reforms including an analysis of their deficiencies with respect to addressing P2P copyright infringement. The article concludes with an analysis of existing trends in preventive measures against copyright infringement through P2P file sharing and suggests directions on future legal and non-legal measures that Hong Kong as well as the international community can take in combating digital piracy and copyright infringement through peer-to-peer file sharing.     

“受过行政处罚入罪”规定之证成

2013年以来我国刑事司法解释有一明显趋势,即将行为人曾经受过行政处罚的事实作为定罪情节,纳入犯罪成立与否的考量之中。对这一现象,我国刑法学界多从刑事犯罪行为与行政违法行为"质"的差异,或者客观主义刑法观的角度出发予以否定。但是,在我国"定性+定量"的刑事立法模式下,刑事犯罪行为与行政违法行为以"量"的差异为主、质的差异为辅,行政违法性"量的累加"可以产生刑事违法性。"受过行政处罚入罪"的规定综合考虑了行为的客观危害程度和行为人的主观可谴责性程度,不仅不违反罪刑法定原则、禁止重复评价原则和责任主义原则等定罪时应坚持的一些基本原则,还有利于弥补劳动教养废除后的制度空白,调整我国"结果本位"的刑法结构,实现行政处罚与刑事处罚的有效衔接。     

论网络著作权侵权行为的构成要件

网络作品著作权侵权行为的构成宜采四要件说."行为的违法性"在于侵权行为符合著作权法所规定的形式;"损害事实"应当发生于网络上的侵权,并具有可补救性;网络著作权违法行为与损害事实间的因果关系比传统侵权行为中的因果关系更具复杂性;主观过错既表现为一种心理状态,又体现为一种行为活动.