谈《国际卫生条例(2005)》背景下的《国境卫生检疫法》修改

2005年5月23日世界卫生组织第58次卫生大会修改通过了《国际卫生条例(2005)》(以下简称《条例(2005)》),并将于2007年6月生效。各缔约国需要在该条例生效之前完成国内立法调整。为此,我国已启动对现行《国境卫生检疫法》(以下简称《检疫法》)的修订。毫无疑问,这是一次为与国际法接轨的修法活动,因而,以《条例(2005)》的变化与内容为依据是我国这次《检疫法》修订的背景和基础。修订后的法律文本需要与《条例(2005)》保持一致,也需要适合我国口岸公共卫生安全和疾病预防控制新态势的需要。现就对《条例(2005)》的理解,对我国《检疫法》修改发表自己一些粗浅的观点与建议。     

传染病控制与国际法

全球化时代控制传染病这一公共健康问题必须进行国际合作才能解决。WTO及其SPS协议在控制通过国际货物贸易传染疾病方面有一些法律机制。国际卫生条例(IHR)是约束WHO成员国防止传染病蔓延的主要国际法律机制。世界卫生组织针对传染病的新形势,对国际卫生条例进行了修改,其修改集中于:(1)扩大各国报告义务范围;(2)加强对非官方信息的依赖;(3)各国出现紧急状态时,WHO采取什么控制方式、建议还是其他;(4)争端解决方式。此外,还有信息、媒体、人权等其他一些法律问题。     

化妆品监管新规护航“美丽消费”

自2021年1月1日起,新版《化妆品监督管理条例》(以下简称新《条例》)开始施行。这是中国《化妆品卫生监督条例》自1990年实施以来,时隔30年的首次更新。新《条例》首次提出注册人、备案人概念,并首次将牙膏列入化妆品监管范围,参照普通化妆品的规定进行管理。     

对技术进出口管理条例的理解与思考（下）

(接上期)三、 实践中的思考正如立法者所希望的那样,新条例及其配套规定,在许多方面改善了过去十几年来中国实行的技术进出口管理制度,使其更加符合WTO的要求和国际惯例。新条例对技术进出口实行分类别、一体化管理,简化程序,提高效率,使整个管理体系更加合理。同时,新条例又进一步明确了违反条例者应当承担的法律责任,包括刑事责任、经济处罚和行政处分。这无疑为新条例的实施提供了有力的法律保障。但是,有一些外国律师,在对新条例表示积极肯定的同时,也提出了一些值得商榷、需要澄清的问题。这些问题主要涉及新条例与某些已颁法律之间…     

论《国际卫生条例》在中国的适用

为控制传染病而行使国境卫生检疫主权时必须遵循<国际卫生条例>.<国际卫生条例>在我国的适用采取的是混合模式,即融合了"纳入"与"转化"和其他方法.依据修订后的<国际卫生条例>、<国境卫生检疫法>需要进行全面的变革.此外,我们必须解决国境卫生执法和司法中存在的问题.     

化妆品卫生监督管理中存在的问题及对策

《化妆品卫生监督条例》（以下简称《条例》）1991年3月27日颁布实施已有17年，17年来，各级卫生监督机构按《条例》、《化妆品卫生监督条例实施细则》（以下简称《实施细则》）的规定，对化妆品生产、销售进行了监督管理，使之逐步走向科学化、标准化、法制化运行的轨道。但从目前的卫生监督工作状况来看，却面临着许多问题，尚存在一些不足；加之立法本身也有不完善之处，导致了在执法实践中具体运用《条例》、《实施细则》《化妆品卫生规范》时发现了一些问题。下面就化妆品卫生监督管理中的存在问题及对策作进一步探讨。     

关于新旧纪律处分条例若干问题的比较(上)

2003年12月31日,中共中央颁布施行了《中国共产党纪律处分条例》(以下简称“新条例”),这标志着党的纪律和纪律处分工作科学化、规范化的进程迈入了一个新阶段。根据“新条例”的规定,实施近7年的《中国共产党纪律处分条例(试行)》(以下简称“旧条例”)将逐渐完成它的使命。当前,人们普遍关注的一个问题是:“新条例”与“旧条例”区别何在?笔者试就两者的若干问题作一些比较。立法背景的比较我们党自成立伊始就非常重视党的纪律建设,党纪处分一直是党加强组织纪律性的重要武器。党纪处分条规建设作为加强党的纪律的一项重要措施,在我们党历…     

依法开创陕西省节能工作新局面

《陕西省节约能源条例》(以下简称《条例》)自2006年12月1日起施行以来,为推动和规范科学开展节能工作提供了坚实法制保障,对全省节约利用能源、保护环境,促进经济社会可持续发展起到了重要作用.然而在实施过程中,一些新情况和新问题的出现,使得《条例》已不能完全适应社会经济发展实际.加之2007年,国家对1998年开始施行的《中华人民共和国节约能源法》(以下简称《节约能源法》)进行了全面修订,修订《条例》成为必然.     

浅谈新《治安管理处罚条例》关于损害赔偿的规定

第六届全国人大常委会第十七次会议八六年九月五日通过并公布的《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》(以下简称新《条例》),是我国行政法律体系的重要组成部分。本文仅就关于损害赔偿的规定进行探讨。新《条例》)关于损害赔偿的规定,与一九五七年十月二十二日公布的《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》(以下简称原《条例》)比较,有了新的发展。     

《旅行社条例》与《旅行社管理条例》法规规定不同之分析

2009年5月1日起,新版的《旅行社条例》开始实施,社会各界人士对新旅行社条例的实施的状况均抱积极关注的态度,也有部分人们产生新《旅行社条例》与旧《旅行社管理条例》有何不同的疑问。本文中重点阐述的就是上述的问题。作者从旅行社定义与旅行社分类的调整、关于外商投资旅行社规定的更新、旅行社业务的监督检查与法律责任规定的调整、关于旅行社质量保证金规定的修改等九个方面进行了阐述。     

From International Sanitary Conventions to Global Health Security: The New International Health Regulations

In May 2005, the World Health Organization adopted the new InternationalHealth Regulations (IHR), which constitute one of the most radicaland far-reaching changes to international law on public healthsince the beginning of international health co-operation inthe mid-nineteenth century. This article comprehensively analysesthe new IHR by examining the history of international law oninfectious disease control, the IHR revision process, the substantivechanges contained in the new IHR and concerns regarding thefuture of the new IHR. The article demonstrates why the newIHR constitute a seminal event in the relationship between internationallaw and public health and send messages about how human societiesshould govern their vulnerabilities to serious, acute diseaseevents in the twenty-first century.     

The New International Health Regulations: An Historic Development for International Law and Public Health

The adoption of the new International Health Regulations (IHR) in May 2005 represents an historic development for international law and public health. This article describes the IHR revision process and analyzes why the new IHR constitute an advance in global health governance.     

国际航空旅行限制措施在“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”情势下的适用

"国际关注的突发公共卫生事件"情势下,国际航空旅行限制措施的广泛适用反映了"传染病控制"与"国际航空旅行"关系的失衡,面临着合法性与合理性的诘问。国际航空旅行限制措施只能在《国际卫生条例(2005)》《国际民用航空公约》以及相关的双边航空运输协定等国际条约的框架内实施才具有合法性;国际航空旅行限制措施在实践中的效应使其合理性遭到质疑。为了进一步维系"传染病控制"与"国际航空旅行"二者的平衡,世界卫生组织和国际民航组织通过了一系列的"软法"性国际文件,然而,其执行力依赖于成员国的履行意愿和履行能力。我国应在维护WHO权威及PHEIC创立的制度初衷的前提下,在国际法的框架内合法合理应对和适用国际航空旅行限制措施。     

The WHO European program of health legislation and the Health for All policy

The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the work of the World Health Organization (WHO), begun a decade ago in Europe, in the field of health legislation. This program is the result of the interaction between two important factors: the trends in national health policy and legislation at the country level, and the implementation of the Health for All policy, which has been collectively adopted by the European Member States in various WHO fora. Health legislation has proved to be a valuable tool in supporting National Health Policies in European countries and a key element in international health activities. The paper will be presented in three main parts. The first examines the legislative implications of the Health for All policy and strategy. The second gives an overview of developments in health legislation in Europe, focusing on national achievements in three areas in which change is necessary to achieve Health for All: health care systems, the environment, and lifestyles. The third part gives an account of activities carried out by the Regional Office for Europe of WHO in the health legislation field, recalls the organization of the first WHO medium-term program in this field, and summarizes its four current subprograms on health policy, health situation, exchange of information, and training. The conclusion briefly outlines the prospects for further developments in Europe.     

Tackling the health divide in europe: the role of the world health organization

Europe faces major health challenges in addition to its well-reported economic and financial difficulties. Despite the overall improvement in population health, significant inequalities remain, with a growing gap between rich and poor. WHO Europe, covering fifty-three member states, is committed to helping European governments meet the complex challenge posed by the "silent epidemic" of noncommunicable diseases. In September 2012 WHO launched Health 2020, an ambitious new health policy framework and strategy. Its success requires a whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach to improving health and well-being, informed by the latest evidence on cost-effective interventions. This review considers the prospects for success.     

Making the World Health Organization work: a legal framework for universal access to the conditions for health.

Improving global health conditions has been one of the most important and difficult challenges for the world community. Despite concerted efforts by international organizations, like the World Health Organization, great disparities in health conditions remain between developed and developing countries, as well as within those countries. The World Health Organization has achieved some successes through its Health for All strategy; however, it can and should encourage member nations to enact national and international laws to protect and promote the health status of their populations. A comparison to the lawmaking efforts in other areas by international organizations indicates that WHO may have the authority and the means to institutionalize efforts to improve global health conditions.     

Approaching Peace Through Health with a Critical Eye

It has been a privilege to be asked to edit this edition of Peace Review and to see such interests in the connections between peace and health. Peace through Health (PtH) was developed at McMaster University in Canada in the 1990s as a theoretical concept with practical applications such as field projects. Building on the Health as a Bridge to Peace (HBP) policy and planning framework of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in the 1980s, the framework encouraged collaboration on policy development, training, and service delivery across borders and lines in conflict, integrating peacebuilding “concerns, concepts, principles, strategies, and practices into health relief and health sector development.”     

Reliability and validity of cross-national homicide data: a comparison of UN and WHO data

Data reliability and validity are methodological concerns in cross-national analyses of crime, but there is little agreement on which source of data provides the most reliable estimates. Moreover, few studies have examined the potential threat to validity posed by unclassified deaths. The current study aims to (1) assess the reliability of cross-national homicide data from the United Nations (UN) and the World Health Organization (WHO); and (2) investigate the impact of unclassified deaths on the validity of WHO data. Findings indicate that UN and WHO homicide rates (n=56) differ in magnitude, but produce similar outcomes. The UN data produce more robust results and statistical models with less error. The WHO data are more stable and reliable over time, and better suited for longitudinal analyses. Analyses drawing on WHO data should not disregard unclassified deaths because their inclusion provides a more accurate estimate of the true number of homicides.