共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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The ability to reconstruct the data stored in a database at an earlier time is an important aspect of database forensics. Past research shows that the log file in a database can be useful for reconstruction. However, in many database systems there are various options that control which information is included in the logs. This paper introduces the notion of the ideal log setting necessary for an effective reconstruction process in database forensics. The paper provides a survey of the default logging preferences in some of the popular database management systems and identifies the information that a database log should contain in order to be useful for reconstruction. The challenges that may be encountered in storing the information as well as ways of overcoming the challenges are discussed. Possible logging preferences that may be considered as the ideal log setting for the popular database systems are also proposed. In addition, the paper relates the identified requirements to the three dimensions of reconstruction in database forensics and points out the additional requirements and/or techniques that may be required in the different dimensions. 相似文献
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《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2019,7(1):138-139
Forensic mRNA profiling assays normally include a set of vaginal-specific markers. Although it is known that vagina undergoes characteristic age-related morphological and physiological changes over a lifetime, few studies have evaluated the efficacy of proposed forensic vaginal mRNA markers in women from different age groups.In this collaborative study involving ten GeFI (Italian working group of ISFG) laboratories, a 19-plex mRNA profiling assay including three vaginal-specific markers (CYP2B7P1, MUC4, MYOZ1) was tested in a collection of vaginal swabs obtained from female volunteer donors in their reproductive years (n = 84) and postmenopausa (n = 55).Differential expression of vaginal markers in the two age categories was assessed by means of: a) overall success rate of mRNA profiling (vaginal mucosa “observed” in the tested sample according to scoring protocol) b) average peak height ratios between vaginal-specific markers within mRNA profiling replicates.Other factors potentially influencing mRNA profiling outcomes, like time interval between vaginal swab collection and analysis, concurrence of menstrual cycle and recent sexual activity at the time of sampling were also investigated. 相似文献
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《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2013,4(1):e37-e38
Identification of body fluid stains can bring important information to crime case. Recent research in epigenome indicates that tissue-specific differentially methylated regions (tDMRs) show different DNA methylation profiles according to the type of cell or tissue, which makes it possible to identify body fluid based on analysis of DNA. This study screened and identified tDMRs from genome for forensic purpose. DNA samples from blood, saliva, semen, and vaginal fluid were analyzed by methylation sensitive represent difference analysis and Sequenom Massarray® quantitative analysis of methylation. Six blood-specific tDMRs were obtained. Two tDMRs display blood-specific hypomethylation, and four tDMRs show blood-specific hypermethylation. These tDMRs may discriminate blood stain from other body fluids. The result indicated that tDMRs could become potential DNA markers for body fluid identification. 相似文献
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《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2013,4(1):e107-e108
Messenger RNA profiling is a useful confirmatory test for body fluid identification, but there are limitations to this method including sensitivity and the difficulty in linking body fluids with the corresponding DNA profile in mixed samples. We have developed a method for RNA suspension fluorescence in situ hybridisation (RNA S-FISH) for forensic-type samples using locked nucleic acid (LNA) probes. Vaginal and buccal epithelial cells have been the primary focus, with some preliminary work performed on leucocytes and seminal round cells. We have designed probes for the KRT10 messenger RNA and the micro RNA 891a. Using these probes, we have optimised a RNA S-FISH methodology and have successfully visualised these cell types using fluorescent microscopy. 相似文献
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The NoSQL DBMS provides an efficient means of storing and accessing big data because its servers are more easily horizontally scalable and replicable than relational DBMSs. Its data model lacks a fixed schema, so that users can easily dynamically change the data model of applications. These characteristics of the NoSQL DBMS mean that it is increasingly used in real-time analysis, web services such as SNS, mobile apps and the storage of machine generated data such as logs and IoT (Internet of Things) data. Although the increased usage of the NoSQL DBMS increases the possibility of it becoming a target of crime, there are few papers about forensic investigation of NoSQL DBMS.In this paper, we propose a forensic investigation framework for the document store NoSQL DBMS. It is difficult to cover all of the NoSQL DBMS, as 'NoSQL' includes several distinct architectures; our forensic investigation framework, however, is focused on the document store NoSQL DBMS. In order to conduct an evaluative case study, we need to apply it to MongoDB, which is, a widely used document store NoSQL DBMS. For this case study, a crime scenario is created in an experimental environment, and then we propose in detail a forensic procedure and technical methods for MongoDB. We suggested many substantial technical investigation methods for MongoDB, including identifying real servers storing evidences in a distributed environment and transaction reconstruction method, using log analysis and recovering deleted data from the MongoDB data file structure. 相似文献
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Over the past decade, a substantial effort has been put into developing methods to classify file fragments. Throughout, it has been an article of faith that data fragments, such as disk blocks, can be attributed to different file types. This work is an attempt to critically examine the underlying assumptions and compare them to empirically collected data. Specifically, we focus most of our effort on surveying several common compressed data formats, and show that the simplistic conceptual framework of prior work is at odds with the realities of actual data. We introduce a new tool, zsniff, which allows us to analyze deflate-encoded data, and we use it to perform an empirical survey of deflate-coded text, images, and executables. The results offer a conceptually new type of classification capabilities that cannot be achieved by other means. 相似文献
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Determining the biological origin of body fluid evidence from crime scenes is extremely important for criminal investigation, especially in sexual assault cases. In Brazil, sexual crimes still present low-resolution rates, where approximately 8% of cases are judged. The determination of the presence of semen in samples from crime scenes as a test prior to DNA analysis is a mandatory requirement in forensic analysis and can help to better understand the dynamics of the event. This report aims to present the methodological strategy used in a criminal case of a home invasion where a t-shirt containing visible stains similar to human semen was found at the site. Convencional tests to detect the presence of PSA and sperm cells were performed on the fabric cutouts which showed negative results. We then processed the fabric samples for genetic analysis after two-years-storage, where were performed automated method for the genetic material isolation (QIAcube, Qiagen). The Real-time PCR analysis were carried out using the SOLIScript 1-step SolisGreen (SolisBiodyne) kit, with specific primers to the TGM4 (Transglutaminase 4) gene, in the Rotor Gene Q-5Plex HRM equipment (Qiagen). The results obtained for the melt curve indicated the presence of human semen in the analyzed samples. After the HRM-qPCR assay we also analyzed the a-STR and Y-STR markers. All the results were useful for the criminal process, which led to the identification of the author of the crime. 相似文献
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C. Haas E. HansonM.J. Anjos W. BärR. Banemann A. BertiE. Borges C. BouakazeA. Carracedo M. CarvalhoV. Castella A. ChomaG. De Cock M. DötschP. Hoff-Olsen P. JohansenF. Kohlmeier P.A. LindenberghB. Ludes O. MaroñasD. Moore M.-L. MorerodN. Morling H. NiederstätterF. Noel W. ParsonG. Patel C. PopielarzE. Salata P.M. SchneiderT. Sijen B. Svie?enaM. Turanská L. ZatkalíkováJ. Ballantyne 《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2012,6(1):70-80
A second collaborative exercise on RNA/DNA co-analysis for body fluid identification and STR profiling was organized by the European DNA Profiling Group (EDNAP). Six human blood stains, two blood dilution series (5-0.001 μl blood) and, optionally, bona fide or mock casework samples of human or non-human origin were analyzed by the participating laboratories using a RNA/DNA co-extraction or solely RNA extraction method. Two novel mRNA multiplexes were used for the identification of blood: a highly sensitive duplex (HBA, HBB) and a moderately sensitive pentaplex (ALAS2, CD3G, ANK1, SPTB and PBGD). The laboratories used different chemistries and instrumentation. All of the 18 participating laboratories were able to successfully isolate and detect mRNA in dried blood stains. Thirteen laboratories simultaneously extracted RNA and DNA from individual stains and were able to utilize mRNA profiling to confirm the presence of blood and to obtain autosomal STR profiles from the blood stain donors. The positive identification of blood and good quality DNA profiles were also obtained from old and compromised casework samples. The method proved to be reproducible and sensitive using different analysis strategies. The results of this collaborative exercise involving a RNA/DNA co-extraction strategy support the potential use of an mRNA based system for the identification of blood in forensic casework that is compatible with current DNA analysis methodology. 相似文献
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《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2013,4(1):e129-e130
The objectives of this study were to develop and optimize a multiplex of three skin specific gene markers; loricrin (LOR), corneodesmosin (CDSN) and keratin 9 (KRT9) and 1 house-keeping marker, β-actin (ACTB) using an endpoint PCR assay to analyze expression data from a range of relevant samples. Marker specificity and suitability were evaluated for their inclusion in future forensic casework. The presence of the three skin mRNA markers was successfully confirmed from swabs of human skin obtained from 20 individuals at each of 6 different body sites (forehead, neck, arm, palm, leg and sole). Significant variation was observed in the relative expression of the three genes across the body sites, with some individuals consistently failing to express one or more of the targets. Inter-individual variation was also evident. Accordingly, these markers must be used with caution in the identification of skin in forensic samples. 相似文献
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《Science & justice》2023,63(3):414-420
The identification of biological fluids or materials in forensic samples is a key requirement in forensic science that relies on chemical and biological based tests, most of which exhibit false positivity. When reporting results from such tests, Forensic Scientists use words such as probable, possible, and likely, without always being able to provide robust support for these conclusions. In collating information about false positive rates for a number of these tests, we found limited research into the cross reactions observed from ‘other’ biological samples in commonly encountered case sample stains. By ‘other’ we mean biological fluids or materials that are not the primary target of the presumptive test being used. Here we carry out a specificity study to fill gaps in the literature for a number of the presumptive chemical, biological and immunochromatographic tests used to presumptively screen for blood, semen and saliva. The tests selected for this study are the widely used tests: Luminol, TMB/Combur3 Test® E, Kastle-Meyer (KM), RSID™ - Blood, ABAcard® HemaTrace®, Acid Phosphatase (AP), ABAcard® p30, RSID™ - Semen, Phadebas® ‘Tube’ Test, Phadebas® ‘Press’ Test, and RSID™ - Saliva tests. Specificity for each of these was tested in known samples, from volunteers, of blood, semen, saliva, urine, sweat, vaginal material, faeces and breast milk, and then false positive rates were determined. 相似文献
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《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2013,4(1):e164-e165
Blood, saliva and semen are some of the forensically most relevant biological stains found at crime scenes. mRNA profiling is a reliable approach for the identification of the origin of an evidentiary trace. A stable set of markers and the knowledge about the effects of RNA degradation under different environmental conditions is necessary for the determination of an unknown biological stain. The aim of this work was to compare RNA degradation for human blood, semen and saliva at three different concentrations during a 1-year time period and exposed to dry and humid conditions. Also, this study addressed the question whether there are relevant differences in the efficiency of two RNA extraction methods. 相似文献
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《Digital Investigation》2014,11(1):20-29
The release of Internet Explorer 10 marks a significant change in how browsing artifacts are stored in the Windows file system, moving away from well-understood Index.dat files to use a high performance database, the Extensible Storage Engine. Researchers have suggested that despite this change there remain forensic opportunities to recover InPrivate browsing records from the new browser. The prospect of recovering such evidence, together with its potential forensic significance, prompts questions including where and when such evidence can be recovered, and if it is possible to prove that a recovered artefact originated from InPrivate browsing. This paper reports the results of experiments which answer these questions, and also provides some explanation of the increasingly complex data structures used to record Internet activity from both the desktop and Windows 8 Applications. We conclude that there is a time window between the private browsing session and the next use of the browser in which browsing records may be carved from database log files, after which it is necessary to carve from other areas of disk. It proved possible to recover a substantial record of a user's InPrivate browsing, and to reliably associate such records with InPrivate browsing. 相似文献
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《Science & justice》2023,63(1):127-134
Forensic light sources, such as a Crime-lite, are used in forensic laboratories and by police staff in the examination for, and detection of, biological material. Whilst the benefits of using forensic light sources are relatively well understood, their limitations are less-so. This report details the outcome of studies, validation and review by three forensic laboratories, as well as three case examples, to highlight both the strengths and weaknesses of the tested forensic light sources and to demonstrate that, whilst a useful preliminary screening tool, they should not be used in isolation without subsequent presumptive chemical testing. False positives and negatives are common, and the background substrate and specific biological material present can have a significant effect on the outcome of examination when using a forensic light source. 相似文献
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In forensic casework it is highly relevant to be able to deduce the species origin of an unknown biological sample. For such a purpose we have designed and developed an assay for species identification based on DNA sequencing of two short mitochondrial DNA amplicons. In short, partial 12S rRNA and partial 16S rRNA fragments (approximately 100bp) are amplified by PCR followed by direct sequencing using pyrosequencing technique. Due to properties of the chosen targets, the same PCR conditions and primers were used irrespective of the true species of an unknown sample. A total of 28 different mammals present in the European fauna were sequenced both for the partial 12S rRNA and the partial 16S rRNA sequences for accuracy verification. Together the two sequences showed to have a high divergence factor, discriminating almost all mammals. Furthermore, the human reference nucleotide sequences were always at least nine nucleotides different compared to the other sequenced species both at the partial 12S rRNA and the partial 16S rRNA sequences. 相似文献
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《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2013,4(1):e148-e149
Micro-RNA (miRNA) based analysis of body fluids and composition of complex crime stains has recently been introduced as a potential and powerful tool to forensic genetics. Analysis of miRNA analysis has several advantages over mRNA but reliable miRNA detection and quantification using quantitative PCR requires a solid and forensically relevant normalization strategy. In our study we evaluated a panel of 12 carefully selected reference genes for their suitability as endogenous controls in miRNA qPCR normalization in forensically relevant settings. We analyzed assay performances and variances in venous blood, semen, menstrual blood, saliva and vaginal secretion and mixtures thereof integrating highly standardized protocols with contemporary methodologies and included several well established computational algorithms.Based on these empirical results, we recommend normalization to the group of RNU24, RNU43, and RNU66, as this signature exhibits the most stable expression levels and the least expected variation among the evaluated candidate reference genes in forensically relevant body fluids. To account for the lack of consensus on how best to perform and interpret quantitative PCR experiments, our study's documentation is according to MIQE guidelines, defining the “minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments”. 相似文献
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《Science & justice》2023,63(2):206-228
Sexual assault casework requires the collaboration of multiple agency staff to formalise an investigative pipeline running from crime scene to court. While the same could be said of many other forensic investigations, few require the additional support of health care staff and the combined forensic involvement of body-fluid examiners, DNA experts and analytical chemists. The sheer amount of collaborative effort between agencies is laid out through a detailed examination of the investigative workflow from crime scene to courtroom with each step in the pipelines detailed and discussed. Beginning with a review of sexual assault legislation in the United Kingdom this article details how sexual assault investigations are initiated by police and supported by sexual assault referral centre (SARC) staff who are often the first responders providing primary healthcare and patient support to victims while simultaneously collecting and assessing forensic evidence. Detailing the myriad of evidential material that can be documented and collected at the SARC, the review identifies and categorises key forensic tests to first detect and identify body-fluids recovered from evidence through to the secondary analysis of DNA to help identify the suspect. This review also focusses on the collection and analysis of biological material used to support the allegation that the sexual activity was non-consensual and provides a breakdown of common marks and trauma as well as a review of common analytical methods used to infer Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault (DFSA). The culmination of the investigative pipeline is discussed by reviewing the Rape and Serious Sexual Assault (RASSO) workflow used by the Crown Prosecution Service before providing our thoughts on the future of forensic analysis and possible changes to the described workflows. 相似文献