Environmental effects on magnetic fluorescent powder development of fingermarks on bird of prey feathers

A comparison study of the effects of environmental conditions on the development of latent fingermarks on raptor feathers using green magnetic fluorescent powder was undertaken using both sebaceous loaded and natural fingermark deposits. Sparrowhawk feathers were stored in indoor conditions for 60?days (Study 1), and buzzard feathers were left exposed to two different environmental conditions (hidden and visible) for 21?days (Study 2), with developments made at regular ageing periods. In Study 1, latent fingermarks were successfully developed (Grade 1–4) on the indoor feathers up to 60?days after deposition – 98.6% of the loaded deposits and 85.3% for natural deposits. Under outdoor conditions in Study 2, both loaded and natural deposits were affected by environmental exposure. Latent fingermarks were successfully developed up to 14?days after deposition on the outdoor feathers, with some occasional recovery after 21?days. The visible feathers recorded 34.7% (loaded) and 16.4% (natural) successful developments (Grade 1–4), whereas the hidden feathers recorded 46.7% (loaded) and 22.2% (natural) successful developments, suggesting that protection from the environment helps to preserve latent fingermarks on the surface of a feather. Environmental exposure accelerated the deterioration of ridge detail and the number of successful developments.     

运输毒品罪既遂、未遂问题探析

基于运输毒品罪是行为犯这一特性,运输毒品罪应以运输行为的完成(即运输毒品抵达目的地)为既遂。若行为人着手实行后,由于行为人意志以外的原因而未能运抵目的地,则是运输毒品罪未遂。鉴于毒品犯罪的共同犯罪形式较为常见,其既遂、未遂问题应参照单独犯的标准予以认定。当共同犯罪是以共犯(狭义)和正犯方式组合,应以“二重性说”为基础来认定,当共同犯罪是以共同正犯形态进行,则应以“整体既遂说”予以认定。     

Methods of sex trafficking: findings of a case study in Turkey

The underground sex industry in Turkey has increasingly become dependent on the foreign women, predominantly coming from the former Soviet Union. Some of these women became victims of sex trafficking. However, little is known about how they are recruited, transferred to, and exploited in Turkey. This article attempts to enlighten this process and makes use of police-recorded victim interviews (N?=?430), as well as key personnel interviews (N=?18) as primary data. Various methods and tactics are found to be used in sex trafficking operations in Turkey. Most victims are recruited by persons known to them proposing attractive job possibilities, especially in the entertainment business. The majority of victims enter Turkey with legal documents and with various transportation means. Traffickers obtain girls and sell them to customers in public and private settings using methods to control the victims, such as debt bondage, violence, confinement, confiscation of travel documents, and threats.     

Sex trafficking: an exploratory study interviewing traffickers

This paper presents the research methodology of an exploratory study interviewing human traffickers. Utilizing open-ended, semi-structured qualitative interviews with traffickers, exploratory research was conducted in 2003. With an overall goal of understanding the human trafficking phenomenon from the standpoint of those individuals who support, reproduce, and actively work to sustain it, our research questions focused on how traffickers make sense of their position within the illegal market of sex trafficking. Other thematic questions included characteristics and personal dimensions of the traffickers, reasons they entered the business, their perceptions of the business, and their opinions of those they traffic. For the purpose of this paper, we will address the difficulty and simplicity of conducting interviews with human traffickers. Information about the research project in general, methods used, ethical considerations, and thematic scope will also be addressed with a final discussion section highlighting advantages and disadvantages of methods used.

Sex trafficking in Latin America: dominant discourse,empirical paucity,and promising research

Much has been written in the English-speaking world on the topic of sex trafficking, but little is known about what researchers elsewhere have produced on this topic. An exhaustive literature search was conducted to locate publications on this topic from Latin America. A total of 74 publications were located and put through a systematic content analysis. Four main discernible patterns were noticed: (1) the vast majority of the publications were produced by individuals affiliated with international or non-government organisations; (2) the production of trafficking-related literature sharply declined after 2007; (3) of the small number of studies involving empirical data, most were qualitative in nature; and (4) the literature was primarily focused on the sexual exploitation of children. The discourse on sex trafficking in Latin America appeared to be dominated by advocacy groups. There were few scholarly articles, suggesting limited attention from the academic community. Despite limited empirical data, many Spanish-speaking authors made claims on the nature and extent of sex trafficking, with articles citing one another as source of evidence. This review finds a great need for the involvement of the academic community and for dispassionate and empirically grounded research on sex trafficking.     

中国治理跨国贩运人口的现状及其发展

自中国实行改革开放、开始融入全球化以来,跨国贩运人口活动就与跨国非法移民、偷渡现象混杂在一起,不断蔓延。经过长期坚持不懈的努力,中国的综合治理策略已取得明显成效,跨国非法移民、偷渡和贩运人口活动已在很大程度上得到了遏制,案件总体上呈下降趋势。中国未来还应实施综合治理具体化战略,加强长效工作机制建设;修订、完善国内立法,使之与国际接轨;深化出入境管理体制改革,提升案件侦办力度;积极推动国际执法合作向执法一体化发展。     

当前边境地区走私、贩运毒品犯罪的特点研究

当前,受国际毒潮的影响,我国的毒品犯罪形势日趋严峻和复杂。而在毒品犯罪中,走私、贩运毒品犯罪占相当大的比 例。当前,边境地区的毒品犯罪呈现出策略灵活多变,雇佣贩毒突出,利用现代交通、通讯工具进行毒品的走私、贩运,人体藏匿毒品形 成新高潮等特点,需要予以重视。     

Juvenile and Family Court Judges’ Knowledge and Attitudes About Sex Trafficking of Minors: Associations with Gender,Race, and U.S. Region

Juvenile and family court judges are a professional group that have a significant amount of decision-making power in cases of sex trafficking of minors. The purpose of this project is to examine the association of juvenile and family court judges’ gender, race, and U.S. region with their attitudes and knowledge about sex trafficking of minors. Drawing from a survey of 55 juvenile and family court judges in the U.S., this study used standardized scales to measure attitudes and knowledge about child sex trafficking. Results indicate some differences by gender and geography in a sample of experienced judges across the U.S. The consistency of these findings are discussed in the context of other research and implications for targeted training.     

互易毒品行为定性“相对说”之提倡——兼与孙万怀教授商榷

互易毒品与贩卖毒品之间是一种交叉关系,将互易毒品行为一律不作为犯罪处理或一律作为犯罪处理,在方法论上存在错误,由此而划定的互易毒品的内涵,也为罪刑法定原则所不容。根据互易毒品的形式与实质,结合现行刑法关于涉毒犯罪的规定,确立＂相对说＂将成立买卖关系的高纯度与低纯度毒品、硬性毒品与软性毒品以及相同纯度但数量不等毒品间的互易,作为贩卖毒品罪处理,其他情况的互易毒品行为不作为犯罪处理,才是合适的。     

我国高等学校性质的行政法分析

从民法上来讲 ,高等学校是事业法人 ,而在行政法上 ,我国的公立高等学校是行政主体 ,政府与其的关系是管理与被管理、授权与被授权的关系 ;在高等学校内部 ,其与教师、学生的关系是一种公权力关系、外部关系和契约关系 ,是行政契约的扩张、延伸 ,因此 ,其关系后果是一种行政后果 ,应采取行政复议、行政诉讼之救济途径。     

打击跨国人口贩卖犯罪的现状、误区及对策——以经济全球化为视角

跨国人口贩卖犯罪业已成为威胁国际社会正常秩序最为严重的罪行之一。我国应将保护视角从妇女、儿童的人身权利拓展到一般公民的人身权利,将打击重点从性剥削转移到强迫劳动;在学术上的研究,应将跨国人口贩卖作为危害人类罪管辖、起诉和定罪的可能。     

A feminist analysis of the American criminal justice system’s response to human trafficking

While criminological and criminal justice scholars have made important contributions to human trafficking literature, to date, such scholarship has been devoid of a feminist analysis of the topic as scholars have spent little time reflecting on how patriarchy impacts the criminal justice system’s response to human trafficking. Such examination is necessary to understand how the issue of patriarchy impacts criminal justice system approaches to the crime as well as the outcomes of such anti-human trafficking efforts. It is argued the influence of patriarchy on criminal justice system policy development and practice undermines the system’s anti-human trafficking efforts.     

欧盟跨国拐卖人口犯罪管控研究

跨国拐卖人口犯罪是当今世界共同面临的重大犯罪问题,已成为全球第三大非法获利来源,被国际刑警组织称为“世界上增长最快的犯罪”。欧洲,长期以来已经成为世界人口贩卖的最大目的地。跨国拐卖人口这种21世纪的奴役形式严重损害了受害人的身心健康和人格尊严,严重地干扰了国际社会的正常社会秩序。上世纪八十年代末,跨国拐卖人口对国际组织和各国政府尚属边缘问题时,欧盟就开始对其进行研究,并积极考虑遏制对策、开展具体实践。几十年来,打击跨国拐卖人口犯罪已成为欧盟人权战略的一个重要特征。欧盟致力于在国内和世界各地使用“3P”做法来打击跨国拐卖人口犯罪：起诉贩运者,保护受害者以及预防未来犯罪。在打击、预防跨国拐卖人口犯罪过程中务实高效,立法和机制建设也比较成熟。近些年来,我国急剧上升的拐卖人口犯罪出现了一些新的特点。欧盟的做法为我国有效预防、依法打击拐卖人口犯罪,积极救助、妥善安置被拐卖受害人提供了样板和借鉴。     

Human trafficking in the Netherlands: trends and recent developments

Notwithstanding the lift on the ban of brothels in the Netherlands during 2000, the introduction of the integral approach and other efforts to fight human trafficking; this trade still continues to exist within the licensed sector. Simultaneously, prostitution increasingly moved to Dutch cities with less strict regulations or control, and also to more invisible realms (escort services, internet). ICT facilitate this backstage informal sex work by offering a fluid, flexible, dynamic podium that is difficult to control. The internet is increasingly used by traffickers in order to recruit potential victims, to blackmail victims with images or by exploiting victims through webcam exposure. In 2005, human trafficking was extended in law towards exploitation in all labor sectors and, in 2011, illegal stay was criminalized in the Netherlands. This criminalization could hinder the fight against human traffickers.