论精神障碍患者强制住院异议机制的完善

以维护精神障碍患者的合法权益为立法宗旨、经过27年反复斟酌的《精神卫生法》终于出台，填补了精神卫生领域立法的空白，也将人权保障写入法律。精神障碍患者以自愿住院为原则，强制住院为补充，减少了“被精神病”的发生，但是对于强制住院的异议机制规定甚少且可操作性不强，不利于维护精神障碍患者的权利。在借鉴国外精神障碍强制住院异议制度的基础上，从提出异议的主体、异议机构以及异议程序方面，结合我国国情，对强制住院异议机制进行完善。     

Challenging the validity of a transfer of an opposition: reformatio in peius ex officio examination of transfer by EPO Board

On a request for a transfer of an opposition during the courseof opposition proceedings, the Opposition Division decided toaccept such a transfer and to maintain the patent in amendedform. The opponent appealed and the proprietor challenged thevalidity of the transfer of the opposition in its reply. Didthe principle of reformatio in peius apply? Should the Boardcarry out an ex officio examination of the validity of the transfer?     

第三人撤销之诉的原告适格

考察我国案外人申请再审的实践可以发现,我国法院并不接受判决效力相对性原则,不能以此为据反对引入第三人撤销之诉,更不能以此作为分析第三人撤销之诉原告适格的出发点。尽管立法者希望通过第三人撤销之诉规制虚假诉讼、恶意诉讼,但从制度自身的机理出发,将该制度的目的界定为"为受生效裁判不利影响的第三人提供实体救济"更妥当。以此为基点,在对待第三人撤销之诉的原告适格问题上,应以2012年民事诉讼法第56条第3款规定的必备要件为重点,对于第1、2款规定的前提性要件,则采相对宽容的审查标准。对于有独立请求权的第三人,可将原告适格的标准界定为"对当事人争议的诉讼标的主张实体权利的人";对于无独立请求权的第三人,则采相对宽松的一般标准,不适用最高人民法院针对通知参加诉讼第三人的限制性规定。考虑到理论的周延性,必要共同诉讼人不宜作为第三人撤销之诉的适格原告。至于受生效裁判不利影响的一般债权人,较稳健的做法是诉诸实体法,通过援引民法通则第58条、合同法第52条或者合同法第74条,赋予相关债权人第三人撤销之诉的原告适格。     

Status, Threat, and Stereotypes: Understanding the Function of Rape Myth Acceptance

This study applied system justification theory to understand the function of rape myth acceptance. Participants read a rape scenario that manipulated the difference in status between the perpetrator and victim, as well as the potential threat to perpetrator as depicted by whom the victim told about the rape. People’s opposition to equality and gender separately and together predicted rape myth acceptance. People with higher opposition to equality reported less rape myth acceptance when a higher-status perpetrator got away with rape than when he was reported to police. Conversely, people with lower opposition to equality reported more rape myth acceptance when the higher-status perpetrator got away with rape. People’s opposition to equality and gender interacted such that men with lower opposition to equality also reported more rape myth acceptance when the equal- and lower-status perpetrator got away with rape. Gender predicted rape myth acceptance such that when the lower-status perpetrator was reported to the police, women reported more rape myth acceptance whereas men reported less rape myth acceptance. This is the first study to show that rape myth acceptance is malleable and strategically motivated. These findings have implications for not only understanding rape myth acceptance, but also other ideologies that explain unethical behavior by advantaged groups.     

Parliamentary Questions,Oversight, and National Opposition Status inthe European Parliament

This study examines when and why members of the European Parliament (EP) use parliamentary questions as a form of fire alarm oversight. We argue that the multilevel nature of the EU political system allows members of the EP from national opposition parties to use parliamentary questions to alert the European Commission to governments' failures to implement EU policy. Representation in the EP provides the only avenue for such oversight for national opposition parties. Using a new sample of EP parliamentary questions, we demonstrate that MEPs from national opposition parties are more likely to alert the Commission to violations of EU law in their own member states. These parliamentary questions may lead the Commission to take legal action against member‐state governments.     

Agenda Power in the Italian Chamber of Deputies, 1988–2000

We present strong evidence that governing coalitions in Italy exercise significant negative agenda powers. First, governing parties have a roll rate that is nearly 0, and their roll rate is lower than opposition parties' roll rates, which average about 20% on all final‐passage votes. Second, after one controls for distance from the floor median, opposition parties have higher roll rates than government parties. These results strongly suggest that governing parties in Italy are able to control the legislative agenda to their benefit. We also document significantly higher opposition roll rates on decree‐conversion bills and budget bills than on ordinary bills—results consistent with our theoretical analysis of the differing procedures used in each case.     

Rules and Speeches: How Parliamentary Rules Affect Legislators' Speech‐Making Behavior

By extending existing theories of legislative speech making, this study explores the importance of parliamentary rules governing floor debates for government and opposition parties. An original data set including speeches of members of the Italian Chamber of Deputies between 2001 and 2006 is used to test two hypotheses under different institutional scenarios, that is, rules either restricting or granting open access to the floor. Parliamentary rules are found to affect allocation of speaking time within both governing and opposition parties. Governing parties' leaders exploit their agenda control to a higher degree when allocating speaking time. Under restrictive rules, government party leaders control their MPs by essentially limiting the number of speeches and allocating them to frontbenchers. Restrictive rules give opposition party leaders an important chance to select MPs who are closer to their own position.     

法国第三人撤销之诉研究——兼与我国新《民事诉讼法》第56条第3款比较

第三人撤销之诉是第三人为避免自身利益受损而享有的一种非常上诉手段。第三人撤销之诉作为非常上诉制度的一种,应受"非常上诉"一般条款的制约。第三人撤销之诉是介于生效判决的确定性、法律关系的安定性、第三人利益保护之间的平衡机制。当第三人的利益遭到生效判决的侵害时,第三人撤销之诉是必要且惟一的救济途径。我国新《民事诉讼法》对第三人撤销之诉的条件、提出期限、管辖、法律效果进行了规定。对于第三人撤销之诉而言,我国《民事诉讼法》引进该制度可能造成与当前法律制度不兼容,与司法制度不适应,但是这些问题都可以通过立法和司法解释得以解决,实务部门对新制度的"抗拒"也将逐步缓解。     

The right to refuse treatment and the movement for mental health reform

The right to refuse treatment is the most controversial of the rights of mental patients, and usually polarizes the movement for mental health reform between providers of care and external activist reformers. A broad alliance supported earlier struggles for recognition of patients' rights, but most professionals oppose recognizing this most extreme right of treatment refusal. Professional opposition to treatment refusal is not based on a wide extent of actual refusal; rather it derives from a defense against challenges to professional and institutional autonomy, an opposition to legal interference, and a belief that the community as well as the patient must be protected. These three reasons for opposition are examined by reviewing studies of attitudes toward patients' rights, knowledge about patients' rights, and implementation of patients' rights. Finally, the implications of these studies for future directions in the movement for patients' rights are examined.     

The Vocabulary of Progress in Interwar International Law: An Intellectual Portrait of Stelios Seferiades

The intellectual portrait of Stelios Seferiades sketched outin this article performs a dual function. While paying tributeto the work of a neglected, but fascinating, scholar, it servesas a heuristic device which allows us to examine the ‘vocabularyof progress’ in international law – the discursivestrategies used in legal argument to legitimize the transformationof the discipline. Crucial to the construction of such a vocabularyof progress in the international law writings of Seferiadesis the opposition between the notions of absolutism and democracy.The article situates this opposition in the political milieuof the interwar period and the life trajectory of Seferiades.Ultimately, it points to the closely-knit relationship between‘universalist’ vocabularies of progress, such asthe opposition between absolutism and democracy, and the personal-ideologicalpursuits of public international lawyers.     

第三人撤销之诉原告适格的再考察

利用2012年民诉法实施以来司法实践中积累的相关裁判文书,区分起诉审查和实体审理两个程序阶段,可以对分别以裁定和判决就原告适格作出判断的若干第三人撤销之诉案例从法解释论的角度进行分析。经考察有独立请求权第三人和无独立请求权第三人这两类提起撤销之诉的第三人的多种情形,可看到此类案件实际上很可能间接地起到遏制虚假诉讼或不诚信诉讼行为的作用,且具有规范第三人参加诉讼制度的程序运用或增进为第三人提供的程序保障等其他方面的潜力。不过,在原告适格等诉讼要件的审查和一些相关的程序设计上,司法实务对第三人撤销之诉的运用仍有待于进一步的改进、完善,并需要继续获得理论上的支撑。     

Law Like Poetry – Burnt Norton

Poetry and law are usually cast in opposition but there is a little regarded dimension of responsiveness in law which would incline them towards similarity. The opposition and the similarity are amplified in various instances. Then similarity is affirmed in an involvement in the first of T.S. Eliot'sFour Quartets, ``Burnt Norton'. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Explaining Differential Trust of DNA Forensic Technology: Grounded Assessment or Inexplicable Paranoia?

In the spring of 2005, the Portuguese government passed legislation paving the way for all residents to contribute their DNA to a national database to be used for medical and forensic purposes. There was no significant opposition. In sharp contrast, the United States will experience a contentious debate with strong opposition from many groups if and when such a law is proposed. Some of the reasons have to do with a history of sharply different experiences with, and trust of, the criminal justice system.     

Parental opposition to deinstitutionalization

Parental opposition to the deinstitutionalization of mentally retarded persons is a growing, organized phenomenon which has recently emerged as a nationwide challenge to the deinstitutionalization movement. It is a challenge, however, which has been virtually ignored by key actors in the movement, including planners and implementers of deinstitutionalization schemes, systemic and individual advocates, and researchers. In order to begin to address and appropriately resolve the challenges posed by this phenomenon, an examination of it was undertaken in Nebraska using a tripartite conceptual framework which (1) historically described the national and state social-legal context within which parental opposition has emerged; (2) identified the bases of the opposition; and (3) recommended how these concerns could be addressed and appropriately resolved by offering directions for future research and policy analysis based upon applicable psychological theories and studies, and legal decisions and principles.American Association for the Advancement of Science-American Psychological Association Congressional Science fellow, Washington, D.C.     

生态问题是人作为悖论性存在的心态问题

生态问题源于人类存在的悖论性——幸福追求和终极追求的对立。人类为了生活幸福,在科学技术的推动下,效率与发展却成为我们生活的准则。其后果就是生态成为当代人类面临生存危机的＂问题＂,而它的直接表现就是产品的社会价值与自然价值的分离与对立。所以,生态问题其根本就是人类的＂心态问题＂。     

Attitudinal change among students in a capital punishment class: It may be possible

Students who participated in a class on capital punishment recorded their attitudes toward the topic on a weekly basis and completed a one year follow-up. The results demonstrate that by the end of the semester 65% of the students indicated opposition to capital punishment. Moreover, one year after the class 73% of the students maintained some degree of opposition to capital punishment. The difficulties associated with assessing attitudinal change as a result of participating in a class and reasons for the discrepancy between the findings of this study and previous research are discussed.     

The Functional Dynamic of Ukraine's “Maidan”

The author analyzes the dynamics of Ukraine's Euromaidan protest movement. He argues that the movement should be divided into two phases, with the first being organized without support from the political opposition and focused primarily on European integration. This phase ended quickly as a result of repressive actions on the part of the government. In the second phase, the opposition became one of the main driving forces and the goals revolved around regime change.     

论城乡社会保障体制的对立与融合

农村与城镇社会保障的并存反映了二元经济结构城乡对立关系,其对立性集中地表现在农业劳动力的转移上。这种对立性造成了农村劳动力转移的制度障碍。随着城乡二元结构的消失,城乡社会保障最终要走向一体化。在这个发展过程中,城镇社会保障与农村社会保障同其他二元结构一样,双方应当存在必要的变换,交换的基础上,逐步走向一体化的融合发展道路。     

论执行标的

有关执行标的问题,存在不同认识,现实中也存在执行难、执行乱的情况,必须对执行标的的概念、法律特征、人身可否作为直接执行的标的、金钱与财物执行混同、执行竞合、案外人对执行标的的异议及异议之诉等问题进行研究,以指导实践。