The Culture of Authority

THE HUMAN CONDITION.
OPPRESSION AND LIBERTY.
THE LANDMARKS OF TOMORROW.
POLITICIANS: AN INAUGURAL LECTURE.
BRITISH ATTITUDES TO POLITICS.
CABINET GOVERNMENT.
HONOURABLE MEMBERS.
THE MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT AND CIVIL AVIATION.
NATIONALISATION IN BRITAIN: THE END OF A DOGMA.
THE BRITISH COMMUNIST PARTY; A HISTORICAL PROFILE.
EUROPEAN POLITICS IN SOUTHERN RHODESIA.
THE NEW ZEALAND GENERAL ELECTION OF 1957.
TITOISM IN ACTION.
SMOLENSK UNDER SOVIET RULE.
DOCUMENTS ON INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 1956.     

The evolution of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

The 17-year-old Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) – the world's largest regional organisation in terms of geographic coverage and population – has evolved into a legitimate forum for the political and economic interaction of its members without direct Western involvement. But Russia and China still set the agenda, and the SCO remains focused on relationship-building, rather than achieving concrete outcomes.     

中央权威的宪政之道

中央权威是指中央权力在国家权力结构中所享有的独占性威望和最高强制力。中央权威的宪政之道是对国家法治战略之中央权力宪法安排的解读。社会主义法治意识形态是我国宪法精神的集中表达,是央地权力共同的价值基础和信仰支撑;从政策治国向依法治国转变是宪法之依法治国战略的基本要求,它为中央权威提供了更具连续性和公正性的合法性基础;落实全国人大及其常委会的最高监督权和加强中央司法权威的控制力,是宪法国家权力结构的内在需求,也是加强中央权威的根本宪政途径;宪法意义上的地方分权是地方权力对中央权威的一种回应性诉求,也是宪政权力纵向配置的一种内在机理。     

The Development of Local Discretionary Authority in New York

Central control of cities was established policy during thecolonial period. The policy was continued after independence.By 1839, all cities were allowed to elect their mayors, anda movement commenced to limit the powers of the legislatureover local governments. An 1874 constitutional amendment forbadethe legislature to enact a special or local bill in seven areas,and the 1894 constitution allowed a city to veto a special cityact, subject to repassage by the legislature. Although constitutionalamendments in 1923, 1935, 1938, and 1963 broadened local powers,the Court of Appeals in the 1920s and 1930s tended to restrictthe powers of local governments. The most important changesin the powers of local governments have occurred since 1980as the result of advisory opinions, issued by the attorney generaland state comptroller, broadening the powers of local governments.Nevertheless, the legislature retains the authority to enactgeneral laws imposing mandates and restraints upon local governments.Such mandates and restraints are responsible for New York beingranked thirty-fifth in terms of discretionary authority grantedto local governments.     

扩大农民有序政治参与的路径——从农民非制度化政治参与谈起

当前.农民非制度化政治参与严重影响着社会和谐与稳定.因此,应采取切实措施.化解农民非制度化政治参与,扩大农民有序政治参与.其主要路径如下:提高农民政治素质,为扩大农民有序政治参与准备主体条件;拓宽制度化参与渠道,为扩大农民有序政治参与提供制度环境;提升农民组织化程度.为扩大农民有序政治参与夯实组织基础.     

司法权威的文化建构机制

在很大程度上,人们选择何种方式来解决利益冲突是由文化决定的。随着从优先选择调解到优先选择诉讼的文化转型,从信赖共同体权威到信赖国家权威的文化转型,从片面追求实体正义向注重程序正义的文化转型,人们逐渐形成了优先选择司法途径的文化心理基础。司法审判过程在本质上是一种文化沟通,司法过程中当事人之间、法官与当事人之间、法官与社会公众之间、法官与法官之间关于事实认定问题和法律适用问题所进行的文化沟通,是寻求司法共识的重要机制。尊重司法结果的过程实质上是从主流价值观角度认识和评价司法结果的价值取向的过程,文化教育、文化评价、文化示范和文化体验有助于人们建立理性认识司法结果的文化思维模式,能够唤起社会主体信任法治、尊重法治的文化情怀,形成尊重司法、信任司法的文化情感,确立接受司法裁判结果的文化意识,是认同司法结果的重要文化机制。     

The development of Singapore and Malaysia in regional context

Singapore. City‐State in South‐East Asia, by Philippe Régnier. Hurst & Company, London, 1991. xv + 301 pp. £27.50. ISBN 1–85065–053–5.

Growth Triangle. The Johor‐Singapore‐Riau Experience, edited by Lee Tsao Yuan. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies and Institute of Policy Studies, Singapore, 1991. x + 119 pp. $23.95. ISBN 981–3016–11–6.

The Malaysian Economy. Pacific Connections, by Mohammed Ariff. Oxford University Press, Singapore, Oxford and New York, 1991. xx + 216 pp. £27.50. ISBN 0–19–588564–3.     

International Organisation as Coordination in N-Person Games

One major problem in global governance is the specification of decision-making rules for international and regional organisations to coordinate the states of the world. Various organisations use different decision-making rules, and the properties of these rules may be compared systematically in terms of the power index approach. The power index solution concept of N-person games may be employed to display a basic problem in global governance, namely, the fundamental trade-off between state veto on the one hand and the capacity of the organisation or groups of states to act, meaning its decisiveness, on the other hand. Thus, when states coordinate through the setting up and running of international organisations, they then face a trade-off between their own control over the organisation and the capacity of the organisation to act. States make this trade-off in different ways depending upon the nature of the international or regional organisation as they reflect upon what is most important, to wit, own control or the capacity of the group to act.     

Devolving Regulatory Authority:The Federal and State Response

One of the major legacies of the Reagan administration was its devolution of regulatory authority to the states, particularly in the area of environmental protection. The article descr&es how federal officials at EPA and the OfFce of Surface Mining (Department of the Interior) transferred regulatory responsibility to the states and how state officials initially responded to devolution. In a number of states, regulatory officials clwse to vigorously enforcefederal environmental standards despite the administration's desire for a more relaxed approach to regulation. Haoever, euidence generated by the GAO and others suggest that many of the states lacked the willingness and ability to effectively shoulder their new responsibilities. By the end of the Reagan administration, opposition to devolution had emergedfrom a number of quarters and administration officials were faced with, once again, refashioning the regulatory partnership.     

The Neglected Strata: States in the City-Federal Politics of Malaysia

Another version of this paper was prepared for Conference on"The Politics of Intergovernmental Relations in Federal Systems:Urban Perspectives," Center for the Study of Federalism, TempleUniversity, Philadelphia, August 26–28, 1973. In revisingthis paper, I am indebted to Dorothy and James Guyot for theirperceptive and helpful suggestions.     

资本文明视阈下的农民增收

农民增收是改交农民弱势地位的关键,而农民增收具有高度的复杂性,马克思的资本文明思想为此打开了一扇智慧之门,目前农民的土地、劳动力和资金要素由于种种原因没有给他们带来很好的资本收益,因此要明晰农村土地产权,推动土地有序流转;加大农民人力资本投资,培养新型农民;改革农村金融,激活民间资本,利用资本文明这一手段发挥一切要素的潜能为农民增收服务.     

Legislative Organisation and its Determinants in European Parliamentary Democracies

Questions regarding the origin and evolution of legislative institutions are at the heart of comparative legislative studies. Much research in this area focuses on the US Congress; in contrast, comparative studies of European democracies have been more limited. Addressing this imbalance, this special issue showcases newly emerging research on legislative organisation in Europe. In doing so, it brings together contributions that explore the rationales behind the emergence of, and variation in, national European voting practices, investiture rules, minority rights, committee power, agenda control, debating rules and individual MPs’ rights.