论反社会人格与犯罪

反社会人格有很强的致罪倾向。在违法犯罪人群中反社会人格者可达 30%以上,且屡次犯罪以及罪行特别残酷或情节恶劣的现象非常严重。反社会人格的形成原因,精神分析理论、行为主义和认知理论有不同的解释,但在早期经验和家庭因素对反社会人格的形成有重大的影响。反社会人格者的犯罪行为有着与一般人不同的特点。预防和矫正反社会人格对犯罪的预防有重要意义。对轻度的反社会人格者采取认知领悟疗法有一定成效,而对反社会人格的罪犯更多地应该通过行为疗法进行矫治。     

反社会人格的形成与转化分析——从一个罪犯的反社会人格形成与转化看环境对人格形成的影响

一个罪犯的成长及犯罪过程，折射了其反社会人格的形成过程。反社会人格障碍有一定的认知和行为特点，环境对反社会人格形成具有重要作用。从理论上说，反社会人格具有可改性。通过心理矫治和个别教育可以使反社会人格实现积极的变化，但这种变化也并非是要重塑人格而是促进罪犯成为一个合格公民。     

论形成青少年违法犯罪心理的主客观因素

青少年犯罪心理的形成是社会环境和自身心理背景相互作用的结果。一般不具备典型的反社会人格,可以预防并实现良性转化。本文从社会、心理学角度提出相关预防策略。     

新型毒品滥用与反社会人格——一个犯罪心理学的透视

如果从犯罪心理学的视角,分析新型毒品滥用群体的人格特征,结合考察新型毒品与传统毒品之间的区别,则不难发现,新型毒品的心理依赖性背后,事实上反应了吸毒者群体中一种共性人格特征;而这种共性人格特征实际又与反社会人格障碍之间有着千丝万缕的联系,其深层原因,在于新型毒品对于反社会人格障碍者而言,是一种释放自身被规范所压抑的人格的最具吸引力,且最少责任的媒介。这就为我们提供了一条矫治新型毒品滥用者的新思路。     

论犯罪人格理论及应用

“犯罪人格”自提出后，因其丰富的内涵而为犯罪学理论所推崇，并成为指导犯罪学具体问题研究的工具。犯罪人格是犯罪人的反社会性格，既具有社会性，也具有生物性。在对犯罪人分类时，应坚持人格分类标准，可将犯罪人分为真正犯罪人、亚犯罪人、临时犯罪人。     

反社会人格障碍与变态人格之关系探析

反社会人格障碍这一术语在国内外的相关研究中经常与变态人格等同。反社会人格障碍与变态人格之间是一脉相承的关系,但同时仍是不能被简单等同的两个术语。要正确理解反社会人格障碍,必须明辨其与变态人格之间的确切的关系。     

对轻微犯罪实行“轻重控制”的法律思考

轻微犯罪居高不下，已经成为严重危害社会称定的重要因素。迫切需要采取有力措施加以遏制。“轻重控制”刑事政策，主张依法从重从快严厉打击轻微犯罪中具有反社会人格的犯罪分子．以达到更加有效地遏制和预防轻微犯罪、减少人们对犯罪的恐惧感和忧虑感、促进经济社会发展和社会和谐稳定之目的。在现时的法律框架内，实行“轻重控制”具有一定的操作空间，还需在立法上研究解决与现实需要不相适应的问题。     

格拉马蒂卡及其《社会防卫原理》

国际社会防卫协会第一任会长菲利普·格拉马蒂卡(Filippo Gramatica 1901—1979)从本世纪四十年代起就在意大利发起了新社会防卫运动,这一运动对西方乃至整个世界刑法学界产生了巨大影响。他的《社会防卫原理》一书,对传统刑法学提出了全面反思,他在否定“犯罪”与“刑事责任”概念及彻底砸碎“刑罚论”的基础上,提出了以“反社会性”概念为核心,以”反社会性的指标及其程度”为根据,以“社会防卫处分”体系为手段来医治(不叫处罚)反社会者(不叫犯罪者)的崭新学说。他反对刑罚报应主义,提出了不要只关注反社会(不叫犯罪)过程中的行为,要重视个人的人格调查以及适用的处分(不叫刑罚)与这种人格(不叫人身危险性)相一致等有借鉴价值的观点。     

关于重刑罪犯反社会人格特征的调查分析

反社会人格与犯罪行为的关系十分密切。通过明尼苏达多项人格调查表（MMPI）分别对服刑中期和新入监的重刑罪犯进行测量，明确重刑罪犯反社会人格存在现状，重刑罪犯组与正常组合在Pd临床量表上比较存在显著意义（P〈0．001）；Pd量表T均分高于常模一个标准差；Pd量表T分大于常模的人数和比例较高；Pd量表与其他量表两点编码比例明显，且呈显著相关（P〈0．001），影响因素比较有显著意义。鉴于重刑罪犯反社会人格特征突出，且存在不同的严重程度，需加强对他们反社会人格障碍的矫治研究。     

反社会型人格障碍者刑事责任能力探析

反社会人格障碍者具有强烈的违法犯罪倾向,本文在介绍反社会性人格障碍的概念、行为特征和形成原因的基础之上,重点分析了反社会人格障碍者的犯罪特点。最后以刑事责任能力判断的关键因素为依据深入探析反社会性人格障碍的刑事责任能力。     

Personality and crime: Where do we stand

Abstract

This article argues for a central role for personality in mediating between the genetic and environmental forces which act as causal agencies on the one hand, and the criminal behaviour that is to be explained on the other. Such a causal chain must of course also incorporate the biological-hormonal intermediaries between DNA and personality. In addition we require an explanation for the specific behaviours that make up anti-social conduct, and it is suggested that this is to be found in Pavlovian conditioning. The evidence relating to these theories is reviewed, and suggests a fairly definite framework which also leads to some suggestions concerning the reduction of criminality.     

The role of set-shifting ability in differentiating between subgroups of female violent offenders

The aim of the present study was to extend the current understanding of the relationship between executive functions and violent crime in women. This was done by investigating whether set-shifting ability differentiated between subgroups of female violent offenders, with regard to criminal diversity and frequency of violent offenses. The study was conducted in a nationwide sample of 42 women imprisoned for violent crimes. Important characteristics common in violent offenders, such as certain personality disorders and substance abuse, were taken into account. The results indicated that offenders who only committed violent crimes had poorer set-shifting ability and less frequently personality disorders than offenders who had also committed non-violent crimes. Set-shifting ability was not connected to violent crime frequency.     

The Relationship Between Mental Disorders and Types of Crime in Inmates in a Brazilian Prison

This cross‐sectional study conducted in prisons in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, investigated the association between the presence of psychiatric disorders in 462 prisoners and the types of crimes committed by them. Psychiatric diagnosis was obtained by means of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview. A statistically significant association was found between some psychiatric disorders and specific groups of crime: lifelong substance addiction with sex crimes and homicide; antisocial personality disorder with robbery and with kidnapping and extortion; borderline personality disorder with sex crimes; and lifelong alcohol addiction with fraud and conspiracy and with armed robbery and murder. It was concluded that the mental disorders considered more severe (psychosis and bipolar disorder) were not associated with violent crimes, suggesting that the severity of the psychotic disorder may be the factor that has caused psychosis to be associated with violent crimes in previous studies.     

我国个体极端犯罪发生机理研究

近年来我国个体极端犯罪频繁发生,个体极端犯罪正成为中国社会所面临的现实威胁之一。社会转型期中的各种矛盾、压力是导致个人极端犯罪的外在因素,犯罪人的人格缺陷是个体极端犯罪产生的内在原因。个体极端犯罪的动机类型有:谋求经济利益;厌世自杀;报复特定对象;报复社会;激情型;制造个人影响,寻求刺激;复合型动机等。     

Attachment,personality and female perpetrators of intimate partner violence

This study examined explanations of intimate partner violence in female offenders. The sample of 92 female offenders completed measures of attachment, borderline and anti-social personality dimensions, psychological and physical aggression. Participant’s most recent and previous relationships were explored to examine the patterns of perpetrating and being victimised in relationships. Female offenders reported higher levels of attachment anxiety than attachment avoidance. Attachment insecurity was found to predict victimisation but not perpetrating intimate partner violence in recent relationships. Borderline and anti-social personality dimensions were significantly associated with offenders perpetrating intimate partner violence and being victimised in their most recent relationship. In previous relationships, borderline personality scores were associated with victimisation whereas anti-social personality scores were associated with perpetrating intimate partner violence. Personality dimensions were also found to mediate relationships between attachment anxiety and victimisation in offenders’ most recent relationships. Potential treatment pathways for this population are discussed and future research directions are recommended.     

试析两代独生子女的个性心理特征及青少年暴力犯罪——兼论第二代独生子女的暴力犯罪预防

通过两代独生子女的个性心理特征及其形成背景的分析,力求从心理学以及犯罪心理学视角,探索第二代独生子女暴力犯罪的主客观原因,为今后青少年暴力犯罪的预防提出相应的对策与建议。     

Stereotypical Hate Crimes and Criminal Justice Processing: A Multi-Dataset Comparison of Bias Crime Arrest Patterns by Offender and Victim Race

Many hate crimes are not reported and even fewer hate crimes result in an arrest. This study investigates patterns of victim reporting and arrest for hate crimes in two parts. First, using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey, we find that, controlling for offense severity, hate crimes are less likely than non-bias crimes to be reported to the police and that the police are less likely to take further action for hate crimes, compared to non-hate crimes. Second, we use data from the Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission and the National Incident-Based Reporting System to compare differences between types of hate crimes in the likelihood of crime clearance. We find that those hate crimes most likely to result in arrest are those that fit the profile of a “stereotypical” hate crime: violent incidents, incidents committed by hate groups, and incidents involving white offenders and black victims.     

HIGH TIMES FOR HATE CRIMES: EXPLAINING THE TEMPORAL CLUSTERING OF HATE‐MOTIVATED OFFENDING

This research explains the temporal clustering of hate crimes. It is hypothesized that many hate crimes are retaliatory in nature and tend to increase, sometimes dramatically, in the aftermath of an antecedent event that results in one group harboring a grievance against another. Three types of events are used to test and refine the argument: 1) contentious criminal trials involving interracial crimes, 2) lethal terrorist attacks, and 3) appellate court decisions concerning same‐sex marriage. The results from time‐series analyses indicate that contentious trial verdicts and lethal domestic terrorist attacks precede spikes in racially or religiously motivated hate crimes, whereas less evidence is found for antigay hate crimes after appellate court rulings that grant rights to same‐sex partners. The model put forth in this article complements prior work by explaining in part the timing of hate crime clusters.     

单位犯罪存在范围的批判性反思

市场经济的进一步发展催生出了更多的单位犯罪,我国1997年《刑法》正式将单位确定为犯罪主体,这对于打击单位犯罪具有里程碑式的意义。但是,由于立法层面上没有兼顾单位犯罪与自然人犯罪之间的逻辑平衡,加之刑法理论界相关研究的匮乏,导致在司法层面上对单位犯罪的认定各行其是,以致使得刑事司法难以应对诸多的新型单位犯罪。因此,针对单位犯罪研究与司法操作的混乱局面,深入探究单位犯罪与自然人犯罪的关系,进而全面思索刑事立法对于单位犯罪加以干预范围的明确化和视角转换问题,对于完善单位犯罪刑法规制体系具有立法和理论研究的必要性和前瞻性。     

论聚众犯罪的转化犯问题

转化犯是我国刑法规定的一种犯罪形态。以聚众犯罪为视角,结合转化犯的基本原理具体分析聚众犯罪转化犯的特征,聚众犯罪的转化既包括罪与罪的转化,也包括违法行为向犯罪的转化;聚众“打砸枪”虽然不是独立的罪名,但却是多种犯罪的聚合体,其转化罪是法律拟制的犯罪。关于聚众犯罪的转化犯,其在定罪量刑中存在着不同于一般转化犯的诸多疑难问题,对聚众犯罪转化过程中一系列特殊问题的研究,将使转化犯的理论内容更加丰富和具体。