市场机制与政府经济职能

完全竞争市场经济利用人类的自利本性,可以较好地实现效率,达到帕累托最优,但不能保证公平;现实市场经济不可能是完全竞争的,存在市场失灵,这为政府发挥经济职能提供了依据,但政府发挥经济职能也存在失效问题。所以,不管是理想状态的完全竞争市场经济,还是现实中的混合经济,都不能圆满地解决效率和公平问题。只有到了共产主义社会,人类得到自由全面的发展,既摆脱了自然奴役,又摆脱了社会关系的奴役,人类才能圆满地解决这一问题。     

Local Government Risk Financing and Risk Control Pools: Understanding Their Forms, Functions, and Purposes

One of the most significant public risk management developments of the past 15 years has been the creation of local government risk control and risk financing pools. Today it is estimated that over 200 pools provide services for up to 20,000 local governments. This article is an introductory discussion of pooling and includes information drawn from the first nationwide survey of pools, and gives suggestions for future research.     

National Competition Policy and its Implications for Local Government

Two aspects of National Competition Policy (NCP) are likely to be the catalyst of change in Australian local government (LG): competitive neutrality and the reform of public monopolies. Competitive neutrality will be achieved in LG through the imposition of tax equivalents, removal of debt guarantees and cross-subsidisation deemed not to be in the public interest. The reform of public monopolies will open more functions to competition.
But other items of the NCP are also of significance to LG. The imposition of prices oversight of LG services will make these more cost reflective. Legislative reviews at LG level will produce deregulation in some cases and greater uniformity in others while the issue of allowing private access to LG assets has competitive potential in relation to the services and provision of roads, parks and sewerage treatment.
We emphasise the importance of recognising the present benefits of current LG operations and cite the current proposal to privatise Tasmania's water and sewerage services as an example. NCP has the potential to produce further LG boundary amalgamations, or to accelerate regional cooperation as an alternative. The role of cross-border and competitive tendering in this respect are highlighted. Finally, we analyse the implications of the NCP for the Local Government Grants Commission process.     

Competitive Advantage in Nonprofit Grant Markets: Implications of Network Embeddedness and Status

This article empirically addresses the effects of network embeddedness on nonprofit organizations’ ability to access financial resources within competitive markets, with a focus in this analysis on the acquisition of foundation grants. We test theory on the role of organizational status in competitive markets using data from a network of nonprofits linked by foundation grants in metropolitan Atlanta during 2000 and 2005. We find that observable characteristics of nonprofits, including size, fundraising expenses, and financial health, explain success in grant markets. However, market status in previous time periods, operationalized as prior relationships with influential foundations in grant markets, additionally explains future grant awards. Our findings suggest that the status conferred through connections to important actors in a network can raise the profile of a nonprofit and increase the probability of grant success.     

Strength of Strong Ties in Intercity Government Information Sharing and County Jurisdictional Boundaries

Studies have found that information sharing between city governments can be easily observed within the same county jurisdiction, but less attention has been paid to the reasons why the jurisdictional boundary matters. This article fills this lacuna, drawing on the insight of the “strength of strong ties” argument that “people help their friends first.” The analysis reveals that city governments in the Orlando, Florida, metropolitan area are more likely to share economic development information (EDI) with governments in the same county as the collective demand for such information in that area increases. This study additionally finds that the greater the demand for EDI, the more likely it is that city governments will seek the information from their county members. As a result, as the demand for information increases among city governments in a metropolitan area, the likelihood that it will be shared by all members of the area beyond the county boundaries decreases.     

中国"入世"与政府职能转变和职能开发

中国加入世贸组织后,最大的挑战是政府自身。特别是中国目前处于社会转型期,社会主义市场经济体制还不完善,政企、政社还没有完全分开。“入世”后,政府对经济的调控能力相对减弱;对社会事务的管理空前复杂。因此,政府应重新定位自身角色与职能,未雨绸缪,迅即进行自身的职能转变与职能开发,以适应中国“入世”以及经济全球化的挑战。     

地方政府职能与产业集群升级

从理论上讲,作为产业集群的行为主体,地方政府应当在产业粟群升级中发挥重要作用,并承担起"网络经纪人"和"集群升级催化剂"的重要职能,以促进产业集群创新网络优化和高级化.为避免市场和政府双失灵,地方政府推进产业集群升级必须遵循"3C"原则、扶持性原则、优先性原则和整合性原则.在策略选择上,则必须制定产业集群升级规划、完善产业集群网络、促进产业集群创新和人力资本增强以及塑造产业集群升级环境.     

乡镇政府行政管理职能与机构改革

市县乡机构改革是2001年全国改革工作总框架的重要组成部分.本文着重就乡镇政府行政管理职能与机构改革问题,从职能定位,存在的问题,改革的必要性和指导思想及探索改革的途径等四个方面进行了探讨.     

我国政府职能六十年的变迁与展望

我国政府职能转变迄今已经走过了几十年的历程,其间有过反复、挫折,但总的来说已经取得了辉煌的成就.现阶段,我国政府的社会管理和公共服务职能发挥不足,公共事业发展严重滞后于经济发展,社会发展与经济发展很不协调.因此,需要进一步强化政府的社会管理和公共服务职能,这是全面贯彻落实科学发展观和构建社会主义和谐社会题中应有之义.     

Restructuring Government Organization in China and Transforming Government Functions for an Efficient and More Productive Bureaucratic Performance

A sustained, steady economic development and a stable, prosperous society cannot come about by focusing only on the formulation of concrete social and economic policies. Increased attention and priority should be given to the reform of the state apparatus itself, especially of the policymaking and implementation process. Administrative structural reform, particularly China's practice of adjusting organizational structure and transforming government functions and management processes, is an example of the efforts to explore strategies and approaches for the conduct of administrative restructuring and enhancing bureaucratic performance in developing countries.
This article discusses three questions: first, the necessity of adjusting the government organizational structure and rationalizing the administrative policymaking mechanism, as well as some practices in China; second, transforming government management processes towards adapting to the changing social and economic environment in developing countries, e.g., describing what has been done by China in order to change direct and micro-management; and third, concentrating on improving efficiency and productivity.     

转换决策机制与政府职能转变

政府职能转变的内容是多方面的,影响性因素也较为复杂。深入分析决策机制与政府职能的关系,可以洞悉转换决策机制在政府职能转变中的地位和意义。转换决策机制,有利于提高政府决策的科学性,有利于提高政府决策效率,有利于提高决策的公正性,有利于其他社会力量参与政府决策,充实政府职能转变的内容。     

论邓小平的政府职能理论

邓小平的政府职能理论，是我国理论界尚未系统开掘的理论宝藏。本在对政府职能的涵义及其相关问题进行界定和解析的基础上，从邓小平关于政府职能的相关论述中，比较系统和深入地分析、归纳了邓小平政府职能理论的主要内容，以期为邓小平理论的研究工作作出自己的贡献。     

我国地方政府职能的十大特点

地方政府职能结构不同于中央政府.就我国来说,地方政府职能更具多样性.从目前的客观情况来看,我国地方政府职能具有十大特点,即执行性(从属性)、相对独立性、多样性、动态性、有限性、法定性、服务性、衔接性、区域性和非对应性(非完整性).从理论上讲,地方政府职能必须全面履行.提供公共产品、完善公共服务是地方政府天职中的重要部分.     

行政效能建设与政府职能转变

开展行政效能建设,加快政府职能转变的重要性在于:政府职能转变是行政效能建设的重要前提;政府职能转变是决定行政效能高低的关键;政府职能转变和行政效能建设能够相互促进。加快政府职能转变,促进行政效能建设的思考意见为:应重新界定政府职能,提供行政效能建设前提;应彻底更新行政观念,转变政府职能价值取向;应切实转变政府职能,促进行政效能不断提高。     

Credible Commitment and Council-Manager Government: Implications for Policy Instrument Choices

The credible constraint of morally hazardous or opportunistic behavior can enhance efficiency. This idea is applied to an examination of local government institutions to identify how council-manager government constrains opportunism in economic development by substituting low-power bureaucratic incentives for high-power electoral incentives. A panel design isolates changes in the use of development strategies or instruments in 516 cities.
The central argument presented here is that the Progressive ideology of the separation of politics and administration, institutionalized in the council-manager plan, allows administrators and elected officers to more easily resist opportunistic behavior. Economic and political forces have significant effects that are different for mayor-council communities than for council-manager communities. The influence of strategic planning is evident in council-manager cities, but not in mayor-council communities. Under council-manager government, development is carried out in a discriminating manner, leading to lower levels of financial incentives but more loan and business-attraction programs. In conclusion, the authors discuss how the career patterns of city managers are shaped by the incentive structures created by the council-manager plan.     

Law of Space Resources and Operations on Celestial Bodies: Implications for Legislation in the United States

The U.S. assertion of a right to own resources harvested from space is consistent with the distinction in international law governing analogous res communis areas between resources harvested from a common area and the common area itself. Under the Outer Space Treaty regime, private entities do not have any more right to appropriate celestial bodies than governments do. However, U.S. law does not give private entities such a right. The U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act’s chapter on Space Resource Commercial Exploration and Utilization generally avoids taking a position on exactly how to deal with disputes in the event the activities of entities from the United States and other states interfere with each other. The U.S. law does not assert a right to declare safety zones or otherwise exercise jurisdiction outside space objects, but doing so can, under some circumstances, be consistent with international law. Many of the specifics of what rules will govern the gathering of space resources remain undetermined, yet the act’s basic premise is correct: international law and the treaty obligations of the United States allow for the U.S. government to authorize its citizens to own resources obtained from space.