Legal Knowledge-based Systems: The Blind Leading the Sheep?

This paper gives an overview of a study into the persuasiveness of legal knowledge-based systems. The outcomes of this study show that lawyers tend to uncritically adopt the advice of legal knowledge-based systems and seem to underestimate the limitations of these systems. In this paper I want to concentrate on the implications of this research for the use of knowledge-based systems in legal practice. The results stress the importance of studying the behaviour of users of legal knowledge-based system.     

新闻自由的法律界碑——“哈里王子裸照风波”引发的思考

新闻自由不仅会与民事主体名誉、隐私权产生冲突,甚至与法官的独立审判权产生冲突。解决冲突的方式是运用价值位阶理论与利益衡量理论为新闻自由和其它权利（力）之间竖立法律界碑。媒体构成侵犯公众人物的隐私权,主观上须有“实际恶意”;新闻自由如构成对公共安全的“明显和现行危险”时政府有权限制或取消;司法审判以公开的司法程序为原则,封闭的司法程序为例外。     

Digital evidence: Unaddressed threats to fairness and the presumption of innocence

Contemporary criminal investigation assisted by computing technology imposes challenges to the right to a fair trial and the scientific validity of digital evidence. This paper identifies three categories of unaddressed threats to fairness and the presumption of innocence during investigations – (i) the inappropriate and inconsistent use of technology; (ii) old procedural guarantees, which are not adapted to contemporary digital evidence processes and services; (iii) and the lack of reliability testing in digital forensics practice. Further, the solutions that have been suggested to overcome these issues are critically reviewed to identify their shortcomings. Ultimately, the paper argues for the need of legislative intervention and enforcement of standards and validation procedures for digital evidence in order to protect innocent suspects and all parties in the criminal proceedings from the negative consequences of technology-assisted investigations.     

从部分民事法律制度看法律的目的与效果

任何一项法律制度的设计都在于维护一定的权利、实现一定的目的。但是，很多具体制度在实际运用过程中，出现了“实然不及应然”的结果，令这些制度在价值方面大打折扣。究其原因，除了这些制度在设计时就存在一定的缺陷外，相关法律制度不够配套，也是原因之一。在我国现阶段，很多法律制度是积极的、进步的，但实施效果却不够理想，如何对其进行必要的补救，以形成目的与效果的统一，是立法的当务之急。     

意大利医疗事故立法简介及借鉴意义

意大利的公共卫生体系综合绩效在世界排名第二，意大利在处理医疗事故的立法和实践有着先进经验。意大利医生面临刑事责任和民事责任的双重风险，常规医疗程序中医师负有举证责任，并且意大利具有完善的医师保险体系。我国应在司法实践中加重医生医疗事故罪的刑事诉讼的比例，区分不同情况分配举证责任，并逐渐建立和完善医师保险体系。     

Learning to Change: The Production of Contingency in Modern Legal Systems

Modern society is characterized bycomplexity and change. Weber's theory of thesephenomena explained them with changes in basicreligious concepts. Conceptual changes areagain under investigation here, but the theoryis somewhat different. In this paper, it isassumed that law is a system that follows theAshby's systems theoretical law of requisitevariety. Society can respond to growth ofcomplexity in its environment by eitheradaptation or selective indifference. Theexample of the evolution of legal persons inGerman law is used here to show how law hasdeveloped contingent concepts as a cognitivebuffer between itself and the demandingenvironment of modern society. The legal systemcan balance adaptation and selectiveindifference by constructing and observing itsbasic concepts as contingent. The constructionof autonomy is shown to be a continuous processwhere law establishes an increased level ofautonomy.     

两大法系中诉之利益理论的程序价值

诉之利益是权利保护资格和权利保护利益 ,它是民事实体法与程序法共同规定的法律利益 ,诉的利益具备程序功能。     

Medical Error and Patient Safety: Understanding Cultures in Conflict

Evidence documenting the high rate of medical errors to patients has taken a prominent place on the health care radar screen. The injuries and deaths associated with medical errors represent a major public health problem with significant economic costs and erosion of trust in the health care system. Between 44,000 and 98,000 deaths due to preventable medical errors are estimated to occur each year, making medical errors the eighth leading cause of death in the United States. However, the recent prominence of the issue of safety or error does not reflect a new phenomenon or sudden rift in the quality of health care (although it is a system fraying at the edges). Rather, the prominence of the issue reflects a radical change in the culture of health care, and in how relationships within the health care system are structured and perceived. In this paper, I discuss the multiple factors responsible for the change in the culture of health care. First, the culture has shifted from a clinician cantered system, in which decision making is one–sided, to a shared system of negotiated care between clinician and patient, and, often, between administrator or payer. Second, the nature of quality in health care has changed due to the geometric increase in the availability of technological and pharmaceutical enhancements to patient care. Third, the health care culture continues to rely on outdated models of conflict resolution. Finally, the regulatory structure of health system oversight was set in place when fee–for–service care governed physician–patient relationships and where few external technologies were available. In the current health care culture, that structure seems inadequate and diffuse, with multiple and overlapping federal and state regulatory structures that make implementation of patient safety systems difficult.     

The Logic of Time in Law and Legal Expert Systems*

Abstract. Research on an expert system regarding unemployment insurance law has pointed to the difficulties of explicitly representing temporal relations. The question has been addressed in the artificial intelligence literature with respect to planning systems and linguistic analysis. The approaches adopted do not appear to be directly transposable to legal discourse. The problem seems so far to have escaped notice amongst researchers attempting to develop legal expert systems. The paper explores in a preliminary way how lawyers use temporal concepts. It is submitted that “legal time” only partly overlaps with real time. A sketch of a formalization of temporal relations in law, following J. F. Allen's approach, is presented.     

武装冲突情况下文化遗产国际法律保护的历史演进

武装冲突情况下文化遗产国际法律保护是文化遗产国际法律保护的重要组成部分。从“拿破仑战争”到“一战”,再到“二战”,文化遗产所遭受的严重毁损和流失客观上导致了武装冲突情况下文化遗产国际法律保护的萌芽、形成与发展。武装冲突情况下文化遗产国际法律保护在历史演进中,以禁止战时掠夺为基本原则,不断完善法律规范、扩大保护范围、加重保护责任、加强保护措施,从而得以迅速发展。     

《美国联邦证据规则》中的关联性

关联性规则是英美证据法上的基本规则.有关联性的证据,通常具有可采性;没有关联性的证据,一般都不具有可采性.在很多情况下,具有关联性的证据也可因影响审判公正或者诉讼效率而被排除.同时,有些证据仅对案件事实的特定部分相关,因此只具有有限的关联性和有限的可采性.另外,有些证据关联性的有无有待于另外一些证据的出示,从而产生了附条件关联性和附条件可采性的规则.最后,<美国联邦证据规则>对于关联性的判断在立法上采取了逻辑关联主义的立场;在司法实践中,这一立场又体现为经验主义.所有这些因素都导致通过关联性规则排除证据变得十分困难.因此,仅仅通过关联性规则排除不可靠的证据显然是远远不够的.     

论医疗过错原则在法律冲突中的适用

《医疗事故处理条例》第49条关于“不属于医疗事故的,医疗机构不承担赔偿责任”的规定,与《民法通则》第106条关于“公民、法人由于过错侵害他人财产、人身的,应当承担民事责任”的法律规定,在侵权归责问题上存在着法律冲突,使得法院在审理医疗纠纷民事赔偿案件时无法正确适用法律,审判的社会效果有时不尽理想。根据《立法法》的规定,《民法通则》的效力要大于《医疗事故处理条例》;根据法学理论,医疗过错也已涵盖了医疗事故。在目前有冲突的行政法规条款尚未修改的情况下,笔者认为,适用医疗过错原则不失为司法解决法律冲突的理想方法。     

反思与完善:医疗纠纷中的多元法律治理

近些年在医疗卫生领域,医疗纠纷事件多有发生,呈现出明显的违法犯罪化之时代变迁。医疗纠纷多元法律治理有其价值,但从当前实践看,关键问题是"治乱"与"治软",亟需用法治统一理念和方式来强化、协调医疗纠纷的治理机制。根据我国医疗纠纷治理的现实情况,其"手段与功能"的治理模式色彩深厚,其治理效果显著的同时仍然存在一些问题。应当树立法律权威,发挥法律刚性约束力;协调法律机制,实现法律公平正义价值,并推进标本兼治,提升医疗纠纷法律治理的效果。     

美国医疗差错的概念、定义与特征本

医疗差错已经是一个全世界的问题。越是现代化的国家 ,这一问题就显得越为严重 ,在美国因医疗差错导致患者死亡已占死因的第 8位。在我国 ,一直习惯使用医疗事故的概念 ,而医疗事故又在《刑法》里有明确的罪责。随着中国经济日益与世界接轨 ,法律制度中的一些概念性问题也在逐步朝向国际统一方向发展。因此 ,对于医疗差错的明确统一定义 ,就显得十分很重要。本文主要介绍美国法律方面的相关规定。一、医疗差错是当今的世界性问题1999年 ,美国医学研究所 (ＩＯＭ ,ｔｈｅＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＭｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ )估计 ,每年有 980 0 0人死于…     

美国医疗差错的概念、定义与特征本

医疗差错已经是一个全世界的问题。越是现代化的国家，这一问题就显得越为严重，在美国 因医疗差错导致患者死亡已占死因的第8位。在我国，一直习惯使用医疗事故的概念，而医 疗事故又在《刑法》里有明确的罪责。随着中国经济日益与世界接轨，法律制度中的一些 概 念性问题也在逐步朝向国际统一方向发展。因此，对于医疗差错的明确统一定义，就显 得十 分很重要。本文主要介绍美国法律方面的相关规定。