中国——瑞典刑事诉讼被告人权利比较

有幸参加《中国-瑞典证据法研讨会》在北京为期一周、瑞典二周的学习、研讨活动。活动中,我们小组担负了"中、瑞两国刑事犯罪嫌疑人、被告人刑事诉讼权利之比较"的课题。通过学习,加深了我们对瑞典作为经济较发达、社会形态较稳定的高福利国家的刑事诉讼架构,以及对犯罪嫌疑人、被告人合法权益在刑事诉讼中的法律保护的认识和理解。     

有宪限制与无宪限制--美国刑法与英国刑法比较

美国刑法与英国刑法存在着许多不同之处。但是在总体上仍然非常近似,受美国宪法的边际约束的功能限制的美国刑法,与不受宪法限制的英国刑法在适用效果上相差无几。     

Theorising Children's Rights in Youth Justice: The Significance of Autonomy and Foundational Rights

This paper develops a theoretical approach to children's rights in youth justice, located within a wider rights‐based theory of criminal justice which emphasises the centrality of citizens' autonomy. Understanding what is special about children's rights in the youth justice system requires an understanding of how children's autonomy differs from that of adults. One difference is that within the legal system children are not considered to be fully autonomous rights‐holders, because childhood is a time for gathering and developing the assets necessary for full autonomy. These assets should be protected by a category of ‘foundational’ rights. It is argued that an essential component of a rights‐based penal system for children is that it should not irreparably or permanently harm the child's foundational rights. The concept of foundational rights can then underpin and strengthen international children's rights standards, including those relating to the minimum age of criminal responsibility, differential sentencing for children and adults and a rights‐based system of resettlement provision.     

中美知识产权保护强度测度与比较

中国2005年的知识产权保护水平已经比1990年的保护水平大大提高。知识产权保护在发展的某个阶段是重要的,但这个阶段只有当该国家已经进入中高收入发展中国家的行列时才会出现。但TRIPS的规定使得我国知识产权保护的调节余地非常小了。     

Fundamental Rights: Between Morals and Politics

Starting from the impossibility of understanding fundamental rights from the standpoint of natural law doctrine or positivism, the author tackles the issue of rights from a realistic point of view, that is to say from the perspective of law and politics on the one hand, and from the perspective of public morality, on the other. Thus the foundation of fundamental rights is the meeting point of conceptions of social morality that are current in the modern world and the political aspect of the conception of pluralist democracy. Moreover, fundamental rights are considered an instrument to enable the social and moral development of human beings.     

权利之间的界限——以美国宪法第一修正案为中心

表达自由与其他宪法权利的规范语句只是作为一种预设存在,它们在水平效力的延展上都是有限度的,彼此之间也是有界限的,所谓的界限主要通过对于权利范围的限制来体现,而在对权利作限制时,其核心部分不应受到憾动。在个案情形下,任何一方的胜出,都会对另一方构成限制,而任何一清晰的主张完全可能会被确认,也完全有可能会被驳倒,指望在两个权利之间划定一条什么固定不变的界限好方便断案是不现实的,权利之间的界限有赖于法益衡量。     

Protecting Children While Silencing Them: The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act and Children's Free Speech Rights

In 1998, Congress passed the first law protecting the privacy of individuals on the Internet. The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) restricts the online collection of personal information from children aged 12 or younger. Under the law, Web sites that maintain chat rooms directed at children must either condition a child's participation on the consent of a parent or guardian or monitor the chat room and censor references to personal information. This article examines whether COPPA's chat room restrictions infringe on the free speech rights of children. The examination finds that aspects of the chat room restrictions are constitutionally suspect because it is questionable whether the parental consent requirement is narrowly tailored.     

论人权与基本权利的关系——以德国法和一般法学理论为背景

人权和宪法上的基本权利这两个源自西语的概念,在汉语法学文献中的使用并不统一,这直接或间接影响到宪法引领下的实定法体系内在的系统化和统一性。本文旨在从一般法学理论角度澄清二者之间的区别和关联。本文特别指出,从人权转化为宪法权利要经过四个限缩性过渡——民族国家化、制度化、理性科学化和习俗化。基本权利不仅是人权的制度化,而且它总是包含着以人权为指针,从而最大程度上实现人权的要求。最后,通过运用这一新的分析框架,本文概括性地分析了现行宪法和法律实践中出现的一些问题。     

Whatever Happened to Canadian Children's Equality Rights? A Reconsideration of the Eaton Special Education Case

This paper reconsiders the Canadian Supreme Court Decision in Eaton and examines its implications for the equality rights of Canadian children in general. The suggestion is made that a 'best interest of the child' standard cannot be met if it involves the violation of fundamental Charter rights. Segregated special education placement, when against the wishes of the parents or guardians and with no s. 1 justification, it is argued, is unconstitutional. The latter gives rise to violations of equality provisions with regard to the student's freedom of association, the right to personal autonomy in decision-making for parents in regards to their child's education, as well as, in some cases, security of the person insofar as the psychological, social and cognitive development of the disabled child is concerned. Such an exclusion from the mainstream, if imposed, it is suggested, does not generally meet the test for 'reasonableness' in accommodation consistent with Charter guarantees. The presumption in favor of integration unless the parent or guardian wishes otherwise is, it is argued, a constitutional imperative based on Charter equality rights rather than a preference for one pedagogical theory (integration) over another (segregated special education placement).     

引言公共利益与私人权益的权衡

我国现代社会有两个重要特点:其一是城乡二元结构正在迅速改变,城市化发展加快,住宅私有化基本完成,私有住宅总量增速迅猛;其二是人民生活日益现代化,城乡整体生活社会化进程极快.与城市化和社会化发展同步的,是公路、铁路、机场、码头、公园和公共娱乐场所、体育场馆等公共设施需求日益加大,各类大中型企业应运而生.     

A Comparison of Hypothermic Deaths in South Australia and Sweden

Case files from Forensic Science South Australia and the Swedish National Forensic Database were reviewed over a 6‐year period from 2006 to 2011 for cases where hypothermia either caused, or significantly contributed to, death. Data were analyzed for age, sex, time of year/season, place of discovery, circumstances of death, and underlying medical conditions. Despite the considerable demographic, geographic, and climatological differences, hypothermic deaths occurred at very similar rates in South Australia (3.9/100,000) and Sweden (3.3/100,000). Deaths from hypothermia in South Australia occurred predominantly indoors at home addresses, involving elderly females with multiple underlying illnesses and limited outside contacts. In contrast, Swedish hypothermic deaths generally occurred outdoors and involved middle‐aged elderly males. These data show that hypothermia may be a risk in warmer climates particularly for elderly, socially isolated individuals.     

法益性权利:权利认识新视域

权利由法律明确规定和保护,为权利人享有权利所带来的利益提供了一个确切的范围,同时也为其他主体不侵害该权利提供了一个清晰的警戒线。但法益性权利概念表明,在权利与社会观念相冲突、权利设定存在缺陷以及司法政策选择性保护和限制等场合下,权利也会蜕变为实质上的法益,权利的保护也可能会表现为“弱保护”。研究法益性权利问题有利于廓清权利损害赔偿的灰色地带,拓展权利救济的视域,从而促进权利保护制度的体系建构和完善。     

Positivism and Communitarianism: Between Human Rights and Democracy*

Abstract The author deals with theoretical connections between legal positivism and communitarianism. Such connections prove to be relevant not only for a better understanding of these two trends of thought but also in order to throw light on important philosophical issues like human rights and democracy. Deep links are traced and recognized between the so-called positivism “in action,” and especially its ideological thesis, and communitarianism.     

Children's Rights and the Politics of Food: Big Food Versus Little People

This article traces the battle in the United States during the Obama administration, continuing into the Trump administration, to protect children's rights to food. It explores barriers to development of sound, science‐based food policies, including the refusal to recognize food as a human right, anti‐science denialism, hostility toward government regulation, and relative powerlessness of children. It points to the role of a “Big Food Pyramid” composed of powerful food industry and large scale distribution and marketing interests in blocking sound policies in prenatal and infant nutrition, school lunches, SNAP and WIC, the marketing to children of high fat and fructose‐laden products, and campaigns to increase youth fitness. While predicting a continuing assault at the federal level on children's rights to safe and healthy foods, the article highlights the positive role of consumer demand in shaping marketing, labeling and production of food and opportunities for leaders in the food industry and in government at local, municipal and state levels to continue the battle for sound food policies.     

The Rights of Victims: Participation, Representation, Protection, Reparation

Victims have the right under Cambodian law to participate inthe Cambodian Extraordinary Chambers’ trials. The mannerin which they will exercise this right remains unsettled, butwill affect whether these trials are eventually fair, theirimpact on national reconciliation, and the establishment ofprecedents for future Cambodian litigation. The exercise ofvictims’ rights should be adapted to the context of trialsfor mass crimes, affecting victim participation, representation,protection and reparation.