Transnational policy networks and the European Union's energy policy

The goal of this article is to critically examine the engagement between the European Union (EU) and a transnational policy network (TPN) that deals with an issue that has grown in importance in the architecture of the EU's energy policy: fracking. The author argues that successful engagement between the EU and networks on shale gas was facilitated by the fact that the TPN or the members of the TPN were in possession of technical and scientific information that is highly needed by institutions in Brussels. Also, the article reveals that the fact that EU energy insecurity has been high on the EU agenda increased EU's interest in actors that could provide vital insights into potential panaceas and palliatives to energy insecurity.     

德国默克尔政府的外交政策调整

德国总理默克尔自2005年上台以来,已走访了很多国家以及欧盟和北约总部,作为欧盟轮值主席主导了两次欧盟峰会并以东道主身份主持了海利根达姆8国集团首脑会议,外交上显示了一些"新意"和"调整".     

Capital formation and government capital policy in developing economies

Readings in the History of Economic Growth. By E. M. Falkus. Oxford University Press, Nairobi. 1968. Pp. 391. U.K. price 40s.

Economic Growth in Japan and the U.S.S.R. By Angus Maddison. George Allen and Unwin, London. 1969. Pp. 174. 35s, paper 18s.

Economic Growth: The Japanese Experience since the Meiji Era. By Lawrence Klein and Kazushi Ohkawa. (Publication of the Economic Growth Centre, Yale University.) Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Homewood, III. 1968. Pp. 424. $8.50.

Stratagems and Spoils. A Social Anthropology of Politics. By F. G. Bailey. Basil Blackwell, Oxford. 1969. Pp. xiv, 240. 36s. (18s. paperback.)

Issues in the Future of Asia. Ed. by Richard Lowenthal. Praeger, London. 1969. Pp. xi, 177. No index. 50s.

District Voting Trends in India‐a Research Tool. By Craig Baxter. Southern Asian Institute, School of International Affairs, Columbia University, New York. 1969. Pp. 378. 50s.

History of Kenya's Trade Union Movement to 1952. By Makhan Singh. East African Publishing House, Nairobi. 1969. Pp. 320. Index. EASh 56.00.

Toward ‘Uhuru’ in Tanzania: The Politics of Participation. By G. Andrew Maguire. Cambridge University Press. 1969. Pp. xxix, 403. £4.50.

Political Development in Rural Tanzania: A West Lake Study. By Goran Hyden. East African Publishing House. 1969. Pp. 282. Limp, E.A. sh.2l.00, $3 or £1 8s. Cased, E.A. sh.42.00, 57 or £2 10s.

Portrait of a Nationalist: The Life of Ali Migeyo as told to G. R. Mutahaba. Historical Association of Tanzania Paper No. 6. East African Publishing House. 1969. Pp. 28. E.A. sh.2.50.

The Agricultural Development of Argentina. A Policy and Development Perspective. By Darrell F. Fienup, Russell H. Brannon and Frank A. Fender. Praeger, New York. 1969. Pp. xxxvii, 437. No index. £7 6s.

An Introduction to Argentina. By Robert J. Alexander. Pall Mall Press, London. 1969. Pp. ix, 197. Index. £2 14s.

Planning and Productivity under Soviet Socialism. By Abram Bergson. Columbia University Press, New York and London. 1968. Pp. 95. No index. 36s.

Settlement Schemes in Tropical Africa. A Study of Organization and Development. By Robert Chambers. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London. 1969. Pp. xxv, 294. Index. 55s.

Fiscal Policy in Under‐developed Countries. By Raja J. Chelliah. George Allen and Unwin, London. 1969. Second edition. Pp. 216. 35s. (cloth) and 20s. (paper).

Capitalism, Primitive and Modern: Some Aspects of Tolai Economic Growth. By T. Scarlett Epstein. Manchester University Press. 1968. Pp. xxiv, 182. Index. Bibliography. 28 tables. 5 maps. Plates. 45s.

African Integration and Disintegration. Ed. by Arthur Hazlewood. Case Studies in Economic and Political Union. Oxford University Press, London. Pp. xii, 414. 75s.

Economic Integration among Developing Countries. By F. Kahnert, P. Richards, E. Stoutjesdijk and P. Thomopoulos. O.E.C.D. Development Centre, Paris. Pp. 162. 27s. 6d.

Turkey, the Challenge of Growth. By Z. Y. Hershlag. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1968. Second edition. Pp. xviii, 406. Index. 86 guilders.

An Economic Profile of Mainland China. Joint Economic Committee of the U.S. Congress, with a Foreword by Senator William Proxmire. Praeger Special Studies in International Economics and Development. Praeger, New York. 1968. Pall Mall Press, London. 1969. Pp. 604. $18.50 and 155s.

The Spatial Economy of Communist China. By Tuan‐li Wu with H. C. Ling and Grace Hsiaolok. Published for the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, by Frederick A. Praeger, New York. Pall Mall Press, London. 1967. Pp. vii, 367. $10.

Capital Formation and Economic Development in Mexico. By Joseph S. La Cascia. Praeger, New York. 1969. Pp. xix, 191. No index. £6 5s.

Economic and Social Development Plan for Eastern Thrace (Turkey). By the Ministry of Reconstruction and Resettlement, Turkey, and the Association Bretonne de Géographie Appliquée, France. Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development, Paris. 1968. Pp. 165. No index. 20 maps and diagrams. Tables. $2.50.

Economic Planning in Turkey. By Z. Y. Hershlag. The Economic Research Foundation (P.O.B. 423, Beyoglu), Istanbul. 1968. Pp. 75, No index. $2.00.

Economic Policy‐Making and Development in Brazil 1947–1964. By Nathaniel H. Leff. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 1968. Pp. xi, 201. Tables. Index. $79.

Regional Economic Growth: Theory and Policy. By Horst Siebert. International Textbook Company. 1969.

The Soviet Economy. By Alec Nove. George Allen and Unwin, London. 1968. 3^rd revised edition. Pp. 373. Index. 28s. (paper).

The Soviet Economy. By Nicolas Spulber. W. W. Norton, New York. 1969. Revised edition. Pp. xiv, 329. Index. $8.95.

Evaluating the Results of Foreign Policy: Soviet and Amercian Efforts in India. By Richard L. Siegel. The Social Science Foundation and Graduate School of International Studies Monograph Series in World Affairs, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado. Volume 6, Monograph No. A—1968–69, Pp. 35.

Economic Development and Structural Change. Edited by I. G. Stewart. Edinburgh University Press. Pp. 193. 1969. 50s.

International Economics. By Sidney J. Wells. George Allen and Unwin, London. 1969. Pp. 332. 48s.     

Turf wars in government administration: Interdepartmental cooperation in the European Commission

One challenge for government administration is to reap the benefits of specialization while minimizing its negative side effects. In this article, I study the factors that motivate departments to contribute to the joint formulation of public policies. I derive testable hypotheses that discriminate between two competing motivations for interdepartmental cooperation. If department managers are concerned for the quality of public policy, I expect cooperation to be efficient. If, by contrast, departments compete for administrative turf, I expect cooperation to be inefficient and resources to be wasted. I test those hypotheses by studying all policy proposals adopted and published by the European Commission between 2015 and 2017—a total of approximately 4,000 cases. For politically salient proposals, I find that departments are more likely to contribute if they expect competing departments to become active, too. By contrast, the preparation of technical, non-salient proposals is left to the most specialized departments. Overall, my findings suggest that interdepartmental cooperation in the European Commission is significantly motivated by DGs' competition for administrative turf.     

European governance and the transfer of 'new' environmental policy instruments (NEPIs) in the European Union

This article examines the use of 'new' environmental policy instruments (NEPIs), particularly market-based instruments (for example, eco-taxes) and voluntary agreements, in the European Union (EU). It focuses on the actor motivation behind the recent increase in the adoption of new and innovative instruments in EU (and member state) environmental policies while also taking account of the external international arena. The article assesses whether new ideas put forward by policy entrepreneurs, such as member governments, EU institutions, expert groups and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), are the main motivation behind the EU adoption of NEPIs, or whether market and harmonization pressures are the main driving forces. It concentrates on eco-taxes, voluntary agreements and eco-labels, using the following three theoretical perspectives: (1) policy learning and transfer/ideational; (2) garbage can; and (3) institutional approaches.     

美国思想库如何影响政府对华政策

美国的思想库是对美政府决策提供政策建言和智力支持的研究机构,其主张和建议常常成为美政府制定政策的参考,在一定程度上影响着美内外政策,也包括美国政府的对华政策.     

Incomes policy,productivity and manual worker earnings in the local government sector

This paper considers how the three main political parties — and the two nationalist parties ‐ use model standing orders to bring cohesion and discipline to their council party groups. The paper explores how these models indicate the national party's expectations of the organisation and activities of the group and the relationship between the group and its members. It compares the key similarities and differences in the parties’ approaches to regulating group activity. It examines the role of group standing orders in maintaining councillor loyalty to the group and ensuring councillors act as unified blocs in public.     

Cultural policy,local government and museums: an Australian perspective

This article examines cultural policy developments affecting the Australian local government sector arguing for policy that directly addresses the operational needs of small to medium museums. Over a period spanning roughly three decades, national and state government involvement in ‘community’ cultural programmes has decreased, with local authorities assuming primary funding responsibility; a process I call the ‘municipalisation of culture’. The dual imperative for councils to provide dynamic cultural facilities while demonstrating prudent spending of ratepayer money has produced a challenging climate for local museums. Using the state of New South Wales as a case study, this article explores how this shifting cultural policy landscape, together with growing instrumentalisation of cultural programmes, has transformed the perceived context and purpose of museums in local government areas. It argues that the pressures of demonstrating impact across an array of public benefits in a restricted funding climate threatens the sustainability and meaningfulness of local museums.     

Setting the scene: the European Union's engagement with transnational policy networks

This article serves as a tool to set the scene in this special issue on the manner in which the European Union (EU) engages transnational policy networks (TPNs). It paints a canvas of the main themes to be treated in articles that span a variety of thematic areas. Six main lines of inquiry are developed to better feed into the various themes covered by the specific articles. The lines of inquiry used include modalities or ways in which the EU influences TPNs around the world, TPNs’ influence of policy and decision-making within the EU, conditions under which engagement between the EU and TPNs can be considered successful, the identity and location of the TPNs, and the utility or otherwise of an EU strategy to weaken or strengthen engagement with TPNs.     

Battling for the regions: Local government policy networks and the reform of the european structural funds

The recent reform of the European Structural Funds led to a wide‐ranging set of lobbying activities on the part of UK regions which felt their previous allocations were likely to be threatened. Much of this activity took place through existing networks or alliances of networks at a national and transnational level. This paper examines the issues at stake in the reforms, the attitudes of the networks to those issues and the need for networks to have a common focus, adequate resources and effective internal communication structures to be effective.     

Preventive veto and obstructive veto: the imposition of public policy by organizations on the margins of government

This article argues that powerful organizations at the margins of government (i. e,, contractors, franchisers, quangos, state-owned corporations, etc.) which provide vital public services are able to impose public policy on the electorate and elected officials in democratic countries. These organizations' enormous resources, including not only their tangible assets, but also freedom from accountability and dependent clientele, constitute both a source of power and vital vested interests. Illustrating with the example of the Kupat Holim Sick Fund of Israel, it shows how when these interests are significantly jeopardized, the organizations impose veto power: a preventive veto at the policy making stage or an obstructive veto at the policy implementation stage. Both types of veto enable them to appropriate the major instruments of policy making - allocation, regulation, and restructuring - from elected government. This ability undermines the traditional relationship between the electorate and elected and raises questions about the risks to democracy inherent in the proliferation of such bodies on the margins of government.     

Modern dependency: A “crucial case” study of Brazilian government policy in the minicomputer industry

Conclusion Brazil’s minicomputer industry has become dependent on government import policy, government financing and domestic private business. The growth in the domestic component of this industry between 1974 and 1981 suggests that incremental government policies (short of a transformation to socialism) can alter Brazil’s level of dependency on MNCs, concerning at least one industry–the minicomputer industry. Therefore, the Brazilian minicomputer model advances the dependency question from “what is dependency and why does it exist?” to “how can one improve its position in a dependency situation?” Relative success in the minicomputer industry cannot be construed as victory over Brazil’s dependency on MNCs, which may alter its economic and political relationship with other countries. Instead, it illustrates a viable model for improving a developing country’s dependency situation. This infant industry strategy is given more credence due to the rekindling of protectionism by all nations. A definitive evaluation of Brazil’s minicomputer policies cannot be rendered until this industry has progressed in its growth cycle. As indicated earlier, signs of both success and failure are evident. In addition, several events may restrict growth in Brazilian minicomputer firms: (1) restriction of funds due to the enormous foreign debt, (2) corrupt or inappropriate management, (3) unsuccessful transfer of technology, or (4) intrusion of smaller and less expensive microcomputers into uses now served by minicomputers. Thus, how effectively Brazil can get out of its overall dependency trap will depend not only on how well it can apply the minicomputer industry model to other industries, of course, given that the model does succeed in the long–run. But it will also depend on how well Brazil can deal with the problems listed above. 0259 0255 V 2     

Transnational policy networks in the migration field: a challenge for the European Union

The migration policy field is a multilayered and fragmented area still lacking a strong global and European regime. Nonetheless, different initiatives and fora have been promoted in the last decade to increase the international dialogue on migration, with the active participation of non-state actors, and particularly civil society organisations (CSOs). The article reviews selected initiatives undertaken at the UN and European level, whereby institutional representatives engage with CSOs in furthering migration policies. These initiatives and platforms may constitute transnational policy networks (TPNs). It explores signals towards the consolidation of more structured and ‘hard’ forms of participatory policy-making on migration issues, as well as obstacles present in this engagement dynamic. The key question addressed in this study is whether and how European institutions have engaged with the TPNs in the field of migration. The article also explores how some of the TPNs influence institutional policy-making at the EU level.     

Assessing the European Union's engagement with transnational policy networks on conflict-prone natural resources

Transnational policy networks (TPNs) are attracting greater scholarly interest given their impact on the contemporary conduct of international affairs. While this has been a welcome development for International Relations scholars and provided some preliminary insights, there is a need for more scholarly studies of TPNs that delve into specific issue-areas on a comparative basis. The paper addresses the above need by providing analyses of the role of European Union (EU)-based actors – the European Commission, member states, civil society organizations, and firms – in regulatory frameworks on conflict-prone natural resources such as oil, diamonds, coltan, tin, tungsten, and gold. To that end, the paper draws upon participant observations, interviews with state and non-state actors, and access to primary documents in order to provide a comparative examination of EU-based state and non-state actors within the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative and draft EU legislation that seeks to prevent the trade of conflict-prone minerals.     

Implementation without Coordination: The Impact of EU Conditionality on Ukraine under the European Neighbourhood Policy

The article examines the impact of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) on domestic change in Ukraine during the period 2005–2007. Due to the interplay of external and domestic factors, no political leadership on European matters emerged in Ukraine under the ENP. The implementation of the Action Plan (AP)—the key instrument of the policy—has been left to the discretion of middle-level state officials, resulting in selective empowerment of sections of the state apparatus. However, without strong political engagement or an effective coordinating mechanism, this delivered slow, uneven and localised results. Nevertheless, despite the limited impact of the ENP, it is through the AP that the European Union has for the very first time started to affect domestic developments in Ukraine.