Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in two endogamous tribal populations of Karnataka, India

POPULATION: Approximately 5.0 mL of blood sample was collected from a total of 150 men belonging to two tribal populations of coastal Uttar Kannada district of Karnataka, with their informed written consent. Both the populations are endogamous and they belong to the Dravidian linguistic family. Halakki is a tribal group having a population size of c. 3383. They claim that they originally belong to Gujarat and Rajasthan, and migrated through Andhra Pradesh to Karnataka. Kunabhi is also a tribal population, c. 35,214 in number. They were hunters and gatherers but presently they practice agriculture.     

Genotype profile for fifteen tetranucleotide repeat loci in two Tibeto-Burman speaking tribal populations of Arunachal Pradesh, India

POPULATION: Two Tibeto-Burman-speaking Adi tribal populations of Arunachal Pradesh, India, Adi Pasi ( n =121) from Upper Siang district, and Adi Minyong ( n =33) from East Siang district were analyzed for polymorphisms at 15 microsatellite loci. The populations belong to Mongoloid ethnicity and are of special significance in genetic studies due to their small population size, relative isolation in remote hilly areas, and traditional subsistence patterns.     

Characterization of 26 miniSTR loci for improved analysis of degraded DNA samples

An additional 20 novel mini-short tandem repeat (miniSTR) loci have been developed and characterized beyond the six previously developed by our laboratory for a total of 26 non-CODIS miniSTR markers. These new markers produce short PCR products in the target range of 50-150 base pairs (bp) by moving the primer sequences as close as possible-often directly next to the identified repeat region. These candidate loci were initially screened based on their small amplicon sizes and locations on chromosomes currently unoccupied by the 13 CODIS STR loci or at least 50 Mb away from them on the same chromosome. They were sequenced and evaluated across more than 600 samples, and their population statistics were determined. The heterozygosities of the new loci were compared with those of the 13 CODIS loci and all were found to be comparable. Only five of the new loci had lower values than the CODIS loci; however, all of these were much smaller in size. This data suggests that these 26 miniSTR loci will serve as useful complements to the CODIS loci to aid in the forensic analysis of degraded DNA, as well as missing persons work and parentage testing with limited next-of-kin reference samples.     

Allele frequency distribution based on 17 STR markers in three major Dravidian linguistic populations of Andhra Pradesh, India

Allele frequencies for 15 tetranucleotides and 2 pentanucleotides repeat loci were determined in 317 unrelated, healthy individuals of Andhra Pradesh, India, belonging to three pre-dominant endogamous populations namely, Kappu Naidu, Kamma Chaudhary and Kapu Reddy. Adherence to the expectations of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was confirmed for all loci with few exceptions, which were not significant after applying Bonferroni's correction. Statistical parameters of forensic interest; observed heterozygosity, probability of homozygosity, probability of extact test, power of discrimination, match probability, polymorphism information content, power of exclusion and mean paternity index were determined for all loci. The present study reveals that Penta E and D2S1338 are the most informative loci in all the studied populations. The combined power of discrimination was greater than 0.976, whereas the cumulative power of exclusion gave an expected value of 0.9999 for all the tested microsatellite loci. No difference was observed in the discriminatory power of 15 loci in studied populations on comparison with other populations of India. Population differentiation tests revealed significant differences between the studied and neighboring populations at several loci. Analyzed parameters indicate the utility and efficacy of the studied 17 STR systems as a powerful tool in forensic human identification, paternity testing and human population genetic studies.     

Genetic variation at 15 autosomal microsatellite loci in the three highly endogamous tribal populations of Orissa, India

Although microsatellite diversity in autosomal chromosomes has been extensively described for many of the Indian populations, there is still a lacuna left on information about the genetic diversity of tribal populations. This paper reports the genetic data on the three tribal populations belonging to the Austroloid ethnic group from Orissa (Juang, Paroja and Saora). The 15 STR (D3S1358, THO1, D21S11, D18S51, PentaE, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, CSF1PO, PentaD, vWA, D8S1179, TPOX, FGA) polymorphism would help to accentuate the STR database for better understanding of population genetics and forensic applications. The microsatellites included in the system are found to be highly polymorphic, with the combined power of exclusion being greater than 0.999, in all the three investigated populations.     

Genetic variation at 15 autosomal microsatellite loci in the three highly endogamous tribal populations of Orissa,India

Although microsatellite diversity in autosomal chromosomes has been extensively described for many of the Indian populations, there is still a lacuna left on information about the genetic diversity of tribal populations. This paper reports the genetic data on the three tribal populations belonging to the Austroloid ethnic group from Orissa (Juang, Paroja and Saora). The 15 STR (D3S1358, THO1, D21S11, D18S51, PentaE, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, CSF1PO, PentaD, vWA, D8S1179, TPOX, FGA) polymorphism would help to accentuate the STR database for better understanding of population genetics and forensic applications. The microsatellites included in the system are found to be highly polymorphic, with the combined power of exclusion being greater than 0.999, in all the three investigated populations.     

中国成都汉族及泰国群体D7S2846基因座的遗传多态性

研究STR基因座D7S2 846的遗传多态性 ,为法科学应用提供基础数据。应用PCR及PAG电泳技术 ,对376名中国成都汉族无关个体及 131名泰国无关个体进行了调查。两群体分别检出 8个和 7个等位基因 ,首次获得该基因座基因在两群体中的频率分布。两群体基因型频率分布均符合Hardy Weinberg平衡。家系调查证实了等位基因的传递遵循孟德尔遗传规律。该基因座在两群体中的个人识别能力 (Dp)分别为 0 85 70、 0 86 0 2 ,杂合度 (H )分别为0 6 915、 0 6 870 ,多态性信息含量 (PIC)分别为 0 6 445、 0 6 5 5 3 ,非父排除率 (PE )分别为 0 415 2、 0 40 85。D7S2 846基因座在法医学个人识别及亲子鉴定中具有较高的实用价值。     

Data for Y-chromosome haplotypes in Fang and Bubi populations from Bioko (Equatorial Guinea)

Haplotype frequencies for 16 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (DYS456, DYS389I, DYS390, DYS389II, DYS458, DYS19, DYS385a/b, DYS393, DYS391, DYS439, DYS635, DYS392, Y GATA H4, DYS437, DYS438 and DYS448) loci, included in the AmpFLSTR Yfiler PCR Amplification Kit, were analysed in 110 Fang and 133 Bubi individuals from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. The diversity was higher in Fang population, probably since they were originally from the mainland, with which they maintain tribal village and family links, and to which they travel frequently. Comparisons were made with previously published haplotype data on European and African populations, and significant differences were found between them.     

Genetic variation of 13 STR loci in the four endogamous tribal populations of Eastern India

We have analysed 13 autosomal STR loci in four endogamous tribal populations from two eastern states (Orissa and Nagaland) of India. The Gadaba, Kuvi Khond and Lotha Naga populations have not been analysed for microsatellite genetic variation previously. The allele frequencies for all loci are within the range observed in the geographical region and racial background, though some alleles showed greater variation. Departures from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were tested by three methods and two loci (THO1 and TPOX) showed significant departures for all measures in Gadaba and Lotha Naga populations. The exclusion probability and discrimination probability were high for all analysed loci in all populations. There is no evidence for association of alleles among the STR loci studied. This allele frequency information will be useful for forensic, paternity and population genetic studies.     

Genetic polymorphism revealed by 13 tetrameric and 2 pentameric STR loci in four Mongoloid tribal population

The short tandem repeat allelic profiles at to 15 autosomal polymorphic loci were analyzed in four tribal populations of Mizoram (India). The analysis was performed on 354 unrelated healthy individuals belonging to Mongoloid races. All the samples were subjected to sex test (Amelogenin marker) besides the STR typing and in all instances; it has shown no deviation from expectation. The allele frequencies for all the analyzed loci in the studied populations are within expected range in comparison to the populations from same racial background. No significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium was observed for all the populations. In no cases the observed heterozygosity is less than that of expected values and it varied from 0.978 (Penta E) to as low as 0.425 (THO1). The discriminatory power and exclusion probability values for all the analyzed markers are significantly high and thus reveal high forensic significance. There is no evidence for association of alleles among the 15 studied loci. This allele frequency data will be useful for human identity testing in Mizo population.     

Elusive justice: tribal police officers’ perception of justice in an American Indian community

This paper explores justice-related perceptions among tribal police officers providing service within a southeastern Indian Reservation in the United States. Interviews with 27 tribal police officers were conducted to understand the manner of the administration of tribal justice. Almost half of the participants interviewed felt that their tribal justice system was dysfunctional due to inter-tribal politics, federal government restrictions, and lenient tribal judges. Additionally, tribal police officers also described the failure of the federal government in prosecuting felony crimes on the reservation. As a result, they believed that both the tribal and federal criminal justice systems did not adequately address crime on the reservation.     

D8S384基因座的遗传多态性及其在法医物证检验中的应用

揭示人类自然群体中D8S384基因座的基因型频率,评估D8S384基因座在法医物证中的应用价值,以及建立D8S384基因座的分型方法。用不同基因型PCR产物混合的方法,制备了D8S384等位基因分型标准物,并按照国际法医血液遗传学会DNA委员会推荐的原则命名了等位基因。采用PCR扩增、电泳分析、银染显色的方法,调查了世界3大人种11个群体1103名个体的D8S384基因型。D8S384基因座共有8个等位基因,群体内基因型分布符合Hardy－Weinberg平衡,群体间基因型构成有显著性差异。利用群体数据估计了D8S384基因座的法医学理论应用价值,计算得出D8S384基因座的期望杂合度为0．704±0．014,个人识别机率为0．864。D8S384基因座是一个较好的法医学STR遗传标记。     

D19S400基因座在中国3个汉族群体与日本人中的遗传多态性研究

为了解中国广州、吉林、成都三个地区汉族和日本人群体D19540O基因座基因频率分布，并获得中国三个汉族群体和日本群体D19M00基因座的群体遗传数据，比较它们之间的遗传学差异，探究在法医学应用中的意义。应用PCR扩增技术，聚丙烯酸胺凝胶垂直板电泳对D19S400基因座分型。在四个群体469个个体中共检出11个等位基因，45种基因型，基因型频率分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。各群体的观察杂合度为0.75～0.84，非父排除概率为0.6057～0.6582，个人识别机率为0．9301～0．9480。四个群体之间基因频率分布无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。结果表明，D19S400基因座在群体遗传学研究和法医学个人识别中有较高应用价值。     

Genetic Data Analysis of Nine STRs in Two Caribbean Colombian Populations: César and Guajira

POPULATION:  We have analyzed the distribution of the allele frequencies and parameters of forensic interest at nine short tandem repeat (STR) loci (CSF1PO, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D13S317, FGA, TH01, TPOX, and vWA) in a sample population of 165 unrelated individuals from César and Guajira, Caribbean populations of Colombia.     

Genetic analysis of 15 STR loci of Chinese Ewenki ethnic population

POPULATION: Almost all the Ewenki are found in HulunBuir Ewenki Autonomous Banner, Inner Mongolia province of China. Some Ewenki are nomads; others are farmers or farmer-hunters. A small number of them are hunters. Its national characters and languages belong to the Altai phylum.     

The challenges of prisoner reentry faced by Native American returning offenders

This article examines the economic, social, and cultural challenges American Indian¹1. We recognize there are no universally accepted or accurate labels for the Indigenous Peoples of North America. Although individual tribal names are preferred, we have chosen to use the term American Indian or Native American to represent the collective population that is present within this study.View all notes inmates face as they reintegrate back into a rural reservation community. Utilizing surveys, focus groups, and in-depth interviews with a variety of stakeholder groups, including community corrections, law enforcement, treatment providers, and tribal leaders, this research explores the reentry challenges faced by Native American returning offenders. Findings indicated that although similarities exist with other reentry populations, especially other minority groups, several unique challenges appear. The possible policy implications of these findings for the reentry process are also discussed.     

D3S1754、D18S535基因座在中国北方汉族的多态性分析

目的 了解D3S1754、D18S535基因座多态性在中国北方人群中的分布特点及其应用价值。方法 使用PCR、聚丙烯酰胺垂直板电泳及银染的方法。结果D3S1754基因座检出9个等位基因（n=184）,D185535基因座检出8个等位基因（n=201）,两个位点的等位基因频率在群体中的分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡（P>0.05）,它们的杂合率（He）分别为0.706和0.807,个人识别机率（DP）分别是0.859和0.934,非父排除率（EPP）分别为0.464和0.629。结论 D3S1754、D18S535两个遗传标记的个人识别率高、非父排除能力较强且能稳定遗传,具有较高的应用价值。     

Tribalism in the Nigeria police force

A questionnaire survey of 100 police officers in the Nigeria Police Force was conducted. Almost three‐fourths (72%) of the officers indicated that they felt they had been discriminated against based upon their tribal membership. Tribal influence was thus considered by these officers to be pervasive within the Nigeria Police Force. More specifically, tribal influence was thought to play an especially important role in hiring practices, post assignments, disciplinary actions, transfers, and promotions.     

Update of aims population data and test with the genogeographer admixture module

Individuals from Slovenia, Greece, Albania, and Eritrea were typed with the Precision ID Ancestry Panel and included among GenoGeographer’s nine reference populations (Sub-Saharan Africa, Horn of Africa, North Africa, Middle East, Europe, South/Central Asia, East Asia, and East and West Greenland). We tested the performance of GenoGeographer with the Admixture Module on AIM profiles of 3548 individuals assumed to belong to one of the reference populations. A total of 3387 (95.5 %) profiles were assigned to one or more of the reference populations, either a single population or an admixture of two or more populations, while 161 (4.5 %) profiles were not assigned to any reference population or admixtures thereof. For 1486 AIM profiles with no reference population of origin in GenoGeographer, the rejection rate was more than 70 % for AIM profiles from North and South America and less than 20 % for those from Central, North, and Northeast Asia.     

人类D19S40基因座在不同人种中的遗传多态性研究

采用ＰＣＲ技术分析中国汉族、德国人、斯洛伐克人和美国黑人群体Ｄ１９Ｓ４００基因座的遗传多态性及世界三大人种之间的差异。四个群体共调查了６２０人,发现了１１个等位基因,观察到４７种基因型。各群体观察杂合度为：０．７８～０．８８,个人识别机率为：０．９３８５０～０．９６６４。四个群体基因型频率分布符合Ｈａｒｄｙ－Ｗｅｉｎｂｅｒｇ平衡（Ｐ＞０．０５）,三大人种（蒙古人种、高加索人种、美国黑人）之间Ｄ１９Ｓ４００基因座等位基因频率分布存在极显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果显示Ｄ１９Ｓ４００基因座在群体遗传学研究和法医学个人识别中有较高应用价值